Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 189

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

النَّكِرَةُ وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ : الاِسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ.

The Indefinite and the Definite: The Relative Noun.

وَشَرْطُهَا أَمْرَانِ ؛ أَحَدُهُمَا : أَنْ تَكُونَ خَبَرِيَّةً ، أَعْنِي مُحْتَمِلَةً لِلصِّدْقِ وَالْكَذِبِ ؛ فَلَا يَجُوزُ « جَاءَ الَّذِي أَضْرِبُهُ » وَلَا « جَاءَ الَّذِي يَعْتُكُهُ » إِذَا قَصَدْتَ بِهِ الْإِنْشَاءَ بِخِلَافِ « جَاءَ الَّذِي أَبُوهُ قَائِمٌ » وَ « جَاءَ الَّذِي ضَرَبْتُهُ

The relative clause has two requirements. First, it must be declarative, meaning it can be either true or false. Therefore, phrases like 'The one I am striking has arrived' or 'The one I am beating has arrived' are impermissible if intended as performative utterances, unlike 'The one whose father is standing has arrived' or 'The one I struck has arrived.'

وَالثَّانِي : أَنْ تَكُونَ مُشْتَمِلَةً عَلَى ضَمِيرٍ مُطَابِقٍ لِلْمَوْصُولِ : فِي إِفْرَادِهِ ، وَتَثْنِيَتِهِ ، وَجَمْعِهِ ، وَتَذْكِيرِهِ ، وَتَأْنِيثِهِ ، نَحْوُ : « جَاءَ الَّذِي أَكْرَمْتُهُ » وَ « جَاءَتِ الَّتِي أَكْرَمْتُهَا » وَ « جَاءَ اللَّذَانِ أَكْرَمْتُهُمَا » وَ « جَاءَتِ اللَّتَانِ أَكْرَمْتُهُمَا » وَ « جَاءَ الَّذِينَ أَكْرَمْتُهُمْ » وَ « جَاءَ اللَّاتِي أَكْرَمْتُهُنَّ

Second, it must contain a pronoun that matches the relative noun in number—singular, dual, or plural—and in gender—masculine or feminine. Examples include: 'The man I honored has arrived,' 'The woman I honored has arrived,' 'The two men I honored have arrived,' 'The two women I honored have arrived,' 'The men I honored have arrived,' and 'The women I honored have arrived.'

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Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 38 nouns)

• جَاءَ — to come
• ضَرَبَ — to hit
• عَتَكَ — to strike
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• مَعْرِفَة — definite noun
• اِسْم — noun