Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 164

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَإِذَا لَمْ تَصْلُحِ الْجُمْلَةُ الْوَاقِعَةُ جَوَاباً لِأَنْ تَقَعَ بَعْدَ أَدَاةِ الشَّرْطِ وَجَبَ اقْتِرَانُهَا بِالْفَاءِ ، وَذَلِكَ إِذَا كَانَتِ الْجُمْلَةُ اسْمِيَّةً ، أَوْ فِعْلِيَّةً فِعْلُهَا طَلَبِيٌّ ، أَوْ جَامِدٌ ، أَوْ مَنْفِيٌّ بِلَنْ ، أَوْ مَا ، أَوْ مَقْرُونٌ بِقَدْ ، أَوْ حَرْفُ تَنْفِيسٍ ، نَحْوَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ﴿ وَإِنْ يَمْسَسْكَ بِخَيْرٍ فَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ ﴾ ، ﴿ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ ﴾ ، ﴿ إِنْ تَرَنِ أَنَا أَقَلَّ مِنْكَ مَالاً وَوَلَداً فَعَسَى رَبِّي ﴾ ، ﴿ وَمَا يَفْعَلُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَلَنْ يُكْفَرُوهُ ﴾ ، ﴿ وَمَا أَفَاءَ اللهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ

When a sentence serving as a response cannot directly follow a conditional particle, it must be linked by the particle 'fa'. This applies if the sentence is nominal, or verbal with an imperative or prohibitive verb, a static verb, a verb negated by 'lan' or 'ma', or one linked to 'qad' or a future-tense marker. Examples include the Almighty’s words: 'If He touches you with good, He is competent over all things'; 'If you love Allah, then follow me, and Allah will love you and forgive your sins'; 'If you see me less than you in wealth and children, then perhaps my Lord...'; 'Whatever good they do, they will never be denied it'; and 'What Allah restored to His Messenger from them—you did not spur any horses for it'.

الظَّرْفِيَّةُ ، وَمُتَعَلَّقُهُ فِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَدُلَّ عَلَى حَدَثٍ - وَذَلِكَ يُتَصَوَّرُ فِي « أَيٌّ » وَفِي « مَا » لِأَنَّ « أَيَّاً » بِحَسَبِ مَا تُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ وَهِيَ قَدْ تُضَافُ إِلَى مَصْدَرٍ نَحْوَ « أَيَّ ضَرْبٍ تَضْرِبْ أَضْرِبْ » وَلِأَنَّ « مَا » مَوْضُوعَةٌ لِمَا لَا يَعْقِلُ ، وَقَدْ يَكُونُ مَا لَا يَعْقِلُ حَدَثاً ، وَقَدْ قَالَ الْمُعْرِبُونَ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ﴿ مَا نَنْسَخْ مِنْ آيَةٍ ﴾ : إِنَّ التَّقْدِيرَ أَيَّ نَسْخٍ نَنْسَخْ ، وَهِيَ حِينَئِذٍ مَفْعُولٌ مُطْلَقٌ ، فَإِنْ لَمْ تَدُلَّ الْأَدَاةُ عَلَى ظَرْفٍ وَلَا حَدَثٍ ، فَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ الَّذِي بَعْدَهَا فِعْلاً لَازِماً ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ فِعْلاً مُتَعَدِّياً ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الَّذِي بَعْدَهَا فِعْلاً لَازِماً نَحْوَ « مَنْ يَخْرُجْ أَخْرُجْ مَعَهُ » فَالْأَدَاةُ حِينَئِذٍ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ مُبْتَدَأٌ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مَا بَعْدَهَا فِعْلاً مُتَعَدِّياً فَإِمَّا أَلَّا يَسْتَوْفِيَ مَفْعُولَهُ وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَوْفِ مَفْعُولَهُ نَحْوَ « مَنْ تُخَاصِمْ أُخَاصِمْ » ، فَالْأَدَاةُ حِينَئِذٍ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِفِعْلِ الشَّرْطِ وَإِنِ اسْتَوْفَى مَفْعُولَهُ نَحْوَ « مَنْ تُخَاصِمْهُ أُخَاصِمْهُ » فَهُوَ مِنْ بَابِ الِاشْتِغَالِ ، وَمَعْنَى ذَلِكَ : أَنَّهُ يَجُوزُ إِعْرَابُهُ مُبْتَدَأً فَالْجُمْلَةُ بَعْدَهُ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ خَبَرٌ ، وَيَجُوزُ إِعْرَابُهُ مَفْعُولاً بِهِ لِفِعْلٍ مَحْذُوفٍ يُفَسِّرُهُ الْمَذْكُورُ ؛ فَالْجُمْلَةُ بَعْدَهُ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مُفَسِّرَةٌ

The particle may function as an adverb related to the conditional verb, or it may denote an event. This is possible with 'ayyun' and 'ma', as 'ayyun' takes its meaning from what it is attached to; it may attach to a verbal noun, as in 'Whatever beating you strike, I will strike.' Since 'ma' is used for non-rational objects, and a non-rational object can be an event, grammarians interpret the verse 'Whatever verse We abrogate' as 'Whatever abrogation We perform,' making it an absolute object. If the particle denotes neither an adverb nor an event, the following verb is either intransitive or transitive. If it is intransitive, as in 'Whoever goes out, I go out with him,' the particle is in the nominative case as a subject. If it is transitive, it either takes an object or it does not. If it does not, as in 'Whoever you oppose, I will oppose,' the particle is in the accusative case as the direct object of the conditional verb. If it does take an object, as in 'Whoever you oppose, I will oppose him,' it falls under the category of 'preoccupation' (al-ishtighal). This means it can be parsed as a subject, with the following sentence serving as the predicate, or as a direct object of an implied verb explained by the explicit one, in which case the following sentence has no grammatical position as it is merely explanatory.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (28 verbs · 53 nouns)

• صَلَحَ — to be fit
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• وَجَبَ — to be necessary
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• جَوَاب — answer
• أَدَاة — tool