Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 4 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

نَوَاصِبُ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ.

(from previous page) ⟵ Parsing: 'Alam' (Did not), the hamza is for affirmation, and 'lam' is a negative jussive particle; 'aku' is an imperfect defective verb made jussive by 'lam', and its sign of jussive is the sukun of the nun which was deleted for lightness, and its subject is a pronoun hidden within it obligatorily, estimated as 'I'; 'jarakum' (your neighbor), 'jar' is the predicate of 'aku', and 'jar' is in a genitive construction with the second-person plural pronoun; 'wa-yakuna' (and that there be), the 'wa' is the 'wa' of accompaniment, 'yakuna' is an imperfect defective verb, in the subjunctive mood due to the 'an' which is obligatorily hidden after the 'wa' of accompaniment; 'bayni' (between me), 'bayna' is an adverb related to a deleted predicate of 'yakuna' that preceded its subject, and 'bayna' is in a genitive construction with the first-person singular pronoun, and 'baynakum' (between you) is conjoined to 'bayni'; 'al-mawaddatu' (affection) is the subject of 'yakuna' which was delayed after its predicate, and 'al-ikha'u' (brotherhood) is conjoined to 'al-mawaddatu', which are the particles that make the imperfect verb subjunctive.

وَاحْتَرَزَ بِقَوْلِهِ: «إِنْ تُفِدْ مَفْهُومَ مَعَ» عَمَّا إِذَا لَمْ تُفِدْ ذَلِكَ، بَلْ أَرَدْتَ التَّشْرِيكَ بَيْنَ الْفِعْلِ وَالْفِعْلِ، أَوْ أَرَدْتَ جَعْلَ مَا بَعْدَ الْوَاوِ خَبَراً لِمُبْتَدَأٍ مَحْذُوفٍ؛ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ حِينَئِذٍ النَّصْبُ.

By adding the phrase 'if it conveys the concept of accompaniment,' he excludes cases where that meaning is absent—such as when you intend to conjoin two verbs, or when you intend for the word following the 'waw' to serve as the predicate of an omitted subject. In such instances, the accusative case is not permitted.

وَلِهَذَا جَازَ فِيمَا بَعْدَ الْوَاوِ فِي قَوْلِكَ: «لَا تَأْكُلِ السَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبَ اللَّبَنَ» ثَلَاثَةُ أَوْجُهٍ: الْجَزْمُ عَلَى التَّشْرِيكِ بَيْنَ الْفِعْلَيْنِ، نَحْوَ: «لَا تَأْكُلِ السَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبُ اللَّبَنَ»، وَالثَّانِي: الرَّفْعُ عَلَى إِضْمَارِ مُبْتَدَأٍ، نَحْوَ: «لَا تَأْكُلِ السَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبُ اللَّبَنَ»، أَيْ: وَأَنْتَ تَشْرَبُ اللَّبَنَ، وَالثَّالِثُ: النَّصْبُ عَلَى مَعْنَى النَّهْيِ عَنِ الْجَمْعِ بَيْنِهِمَا، نَحْوَ: «لَا تَأْكُلِ السَّمَكَ وَتَشْرَبَ اللَّبَنَ» أَيْ: لَا يَكُنْ مِنْكَ أَنْ تَأْكُلَ السَّمَكَ وَأَنْ تَشْرَبَ اللَّبَنَ، فَيُنْصَبُ هَذَا الْفِعْلُ بِأَنْ مُضْمَرَةٌ.

This is why three grammatical options exist for the word following the 'waw' in the sentence 'Do not eat fish and drink milk.' First, the jussive, indicating conjunction between the two verbs: 'Do not eat fish and drink milk.' Second, the nominative, implying an omitted subject: 'Do not eat fish and drink milk,' meaning 'while you are drinking milk.' Third, the accusative, signifying a prohibition against combining both actions: 'Do not eat fish and drink milk,' meaning 'Let it not be the case that you eat fish and drink milk.' Here, the verb is in the accusative because of an implied 'an'.

وَبَعْدَ غَيْرِ النَّفْيِ جَزْماً اعْتَمِدْ إِنْ تَسْقُطِ الْفَا وَالْجَزَاءُ قَدْ قُصِدْ.

Rely on the jussive after non-negative clauses if the 'fa' is dropped and a result is intended.

يَجُوزُ فِي جَوَابِ غَيْرِ النَّفْيِ، مِنَ الْأَشْيَاءِ الَّتِي سَبَقَ ذِكْرُهَا، أَنْ تَجْزِمَ إِذَا.

In responses to non-negative clauses, you may use the jussive if the previously mentioned conditions are met.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ: قَوْلُهُ «وَيَكُونَ»، حَيْثُ نَصَبَ الْفِعْلَ الْمُضَارِعَ – وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ يَكُونَ – بِأَنْ الْمُضْمَرَةِ وُجُوباً بَعْدَ وَاوِ الْمَعِيَّةِ فِي جَوَابِ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ.

The evidence here is the phrase 'and it be,' where the imperfect verb 'be' is placed in the accusative by an obligatorily implied 'an' following the 'waw' of accompaniment in an interrogative response.

وَمِثْلُ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ قَوْلُ صَخْرِ الْغَيِّ الْهُذَلِيِّ: فَلَا تَقْعُدَنَّ عَلَى زِنَةٍ وَنُضِيرُ فِي الْقَلْبِ وَجْداً وَحَيْفَا.

Similar to this is the verse by Sakhr al-Ghayy al-Hudhali: 'Do not sit in a place of suspicion, while we harbor grief and injustice in our hearts.'

وَبَعْدُ، ظَرْفٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِقَوْلِهِ (اعْتَمِدْ)، الْآتِي.

'Wa-ba'du' is an adverb related to the word 'rely' that follows.

وَبَعْدُ مُضَافٌ، وَ«غَيْرِ» مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ، وَغَيْرُ مُضَافٌ وَ«النَّفْيِ» مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ.

'Ba'du' is a genitive construct, 'ghayri' is the genitive, 'ghayru' is a genitive construct, and 'al-nafyi' is the genitive.

«جَزْماً»، مَفْعُولٌ مُقَدَّمٌ لِاعْتَمِدْ، اعْتَمِدْ، فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوباً تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ.

'Jazman' is an object preceding the verb 'rely.' 'Rely' is an imperative verb with an obligatorily hidden subject, understood as 'you'.

«إِنْ»، شَرْطِيَّةٌ.

'In' is a conditional particle.

«تَسْقُطِ»، فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ فِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ.

'Tasquti' is an imperfect verb serving as the condition.

«الْفَا»، قَصْرٌ ضَرُورَةً: فَاعِلُ تَسْقُطِ.

'Al-fa'—shortened due to poetic necessity—is the subject of 'tasquti'.

وَالْجَزَاءُ، الْوَاوُ وَاوُ الْحَالِ، الْجَزَاءُ: مُبْتَدَأٌ وَقَدْ، حَرْفُ تَحْقِيقٍ، قُصِدَ، فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ مَبْنِيٌّ لِلْمَجْهُولِ، وَنَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازاً تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى الْجَزَاءِ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنْ قُصِدَ وَنَائِبِ فَاعِلِهِ الْمُسْتَتِرِ فِيهِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَجُمْلَةُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ وَخَبَرِهِ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ حَالٌ.

Regarding 'al-jaza'u': the 'waw' is the 'waw' of state, and 'al-jaza'u' is a subject. 'Qad' is a particle of verification. 'Qusida' is a passive past verb, and its deputy subject is a permissibly hidden pronoun referring to the recompense. The clause consisting of 'qusida' and its hidden deputy subject acts as the predicate in the nominative case, while the entire nominal sentence functions as a state in the accusative case.

Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 46 nouns)

• احْتَرَزَ — to exercise caution
• أَفَادَ — to be useful
• أَرَادَ — to want
• جَازَ — to be permissible
• أَكَلَ — to eat
• شَرِبَ — to drink
• كَانَ — to be
• نَصَبَ — to make accusative
• اعْتَمَدَ — to rely
• سَقَطَ — to fall
• قَصَدَ — to intend
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• جَزَمَ — to make jussive
• عَادَ — to return
• نَاصِبٌ — accusative marker
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• مُضَارِعٌ — present tense
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• مَفْهُومٌ — concept
• تَشْرِيكٌ — participation
• وَاوٌ — letter waw
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• سَمَكٌ — fish
• لَبَنٌ — milk
• ثَلَاثَةٌ — three
• وَجْهٌ — aspect
• جَزْمٌ — jussive case
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• إِضْمَارٌ — concealment
• نَهْيٌ — prohibition
• جَمْعٌ — collection
• غَيْرٌ — other
• نَفْيٌ — negation
• جَزَاءٌ — reward
• جَوَابٌ — answer
• شَيْءٌ — thing
• ذِكْرٌ — mention
• شَاهِدٌ — witness
• مَعِيَّةٌ — accompaniment
• اسْتِفْهَامٌ — interrogation
• مِثْلٌ — likeness
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• ظَرْفٌ — adverb
• مُتَعَلِّقٌ — related
• مُضَافٌ — genitive
• مَفْعُولٌ — object
• أَمْرٌ — command
• فَاعِلٌ — doer
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• قَصْرٌ — shortening
• ضَرُورَةٌ — necessity
• حَالٌ — state
• حَرْفٌ — letter
• تَحْقِيقٌ — verification
• نَائِبٌ — deputy
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• مَحَلٌّ — place