Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 3 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ

Prepositions.

أَحَدُهُمَا : أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَجْرُورُ بِهَا نَكِرَةً

First: the noun it governs must be indefinite.

الثَّانِي : أَنْ يَسْبِقَهَا نَفْيٌ أَوْ شِبْهُهُ ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِشِبْهِ النَّفْيِ : النَّهْيُ ، نَحْوَ : « لَا تَضْرِبْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ » ، وَالِاسْتِفْهَامُ ، نَحْوَ : « هَلْ جَاءَكَ مِنْ أَحَدٍ

Second: it must be preceded by a negation or its equivalent. Equivalent to negation includes prohibition, such as "Do not hit anyone," and interrogation, such as "Did anyone come to you?"

وَلَا تُزَادُ فِي الْإِيجَابِ (١) ، وَلَا يُؤْتَى بِهَا جَارَّةً لِمَعْرِفَةٍ ؛ فَلَا تَقُولُ : « جَاءَنِي مِنْ زَيْدٍ » خِلَافًا لِلْأَخْفَشِ ، وَجَعَلَ مِنْهُ قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى : ( يَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ مِنْ ذُنُوبِكُمْ

It is not added in affirmative sentences, nor does it govern a definite noun. You cannot say "Zayd came to me," contrary to Al-Akhfash, who cited the Quranic verse "He will forgive you some of your sins" as an example.

وَأَجَازَ الْكُوفِيُّونَ زِيَادَتَهَا فِي الْإِيجَابِ بِشَرْطِ تَنْكِيرِ مَجْرُورِهَا ، وَمِنْهُ عِنْدَهُمْ : « قَدْ كَانَ مِنْ مَطَرٍ » ، أَيْ قَدْ كَانَ مَطَرٌ

The Kufans permitted its addition in affirmative sentences provided the governed noun is indefinite. They cite the example "There has been rain," meaning "Rain has occurred."

لِلِانْتِهَا: حَتَّى، وَلَامٌ، وَإِلَى، وَمِنْ وَبَاءٍ يَفْهَمَانِ بَدَلًا

For the endpoint: hatta, the lam, ila; and 'min' and 'ba' are understood to denote substitution.

يَدُلُّ عَلَى انْتِهَاءِ الْغَايَةِ « إِلَى ، وَحَتَّى ، وَاللَّامُ » : وَالْأَصْلُ مِنْ هَذِهِ الثَّلَاثَةِ « إِلَى » فَلِذَلِكَ تَجُرُّ الْآخِرَ وَغَيْرَهُ ، نَحْوَ : « سِرْتُ الْبَارِحَةَ إِلَى آخِرِ اللَّيْلِ ، أَوْ إِلَى نِصْفِهِ

'Ila', 'hatta', and 'lam' indicate the end of a range. 'Ila' is the primary particle of the three, which is why it can govern the absolute end or other points, as in "I traveled last night until the end of the night, or until its middle."

وَلَا تَجُرُّ « حَتَّى » إِلَّا مَا كَانَ آخِرًا أَوْ مُتَّصِلًا بِالْآخِرِ (٣) ، كَقَوْلِهِ

'Hatta' only governs nouns that are the end point or connected to the end point, as in his saying:

د

d

ذَكَرَ السَّعْدُ أَنَّ « مِنْ » الْجَارَّةَ تُزَادُ فِي الْإِثْبَاتِ اخْتِيَارًا فِي مَوْضِعٍ وَاحِدٍ ، وَهُوَ تَمْيِيزُ كَمْ الْخَبَرِيَّةِ إِذَا فُصِلَ بَيْنَ كَمْ وَبَيْنَ التَّمْيِيزِ بِفِعْلٍ ، وَمَثَّلَ لَهُ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ( كَمْ تَرَكُوا مِنْ جَنَّاتٍ ) فَمِنْ : زَائِدَةٌ ، وَجَنَّاتٍ : تَمْيِيزُ كَمْ

(1) Al-Sa'd noted that the preposition 'min' is optionally added in affirmative sentences in one specific case: the specifier of the informative 'kam' when a verb separates the 'kam' from its specifier. He exemplified this with the Quranic verse "How many gardens they left behind," where 'min' is extra and 'gardens' is the specifier of 'kam'.

لِلِانْتِهَاءِ » جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرٍ مُقَدَّمٍ وَ « حَتَّى » قُصِدَ لَفْظُهُ : مُبْتَدَأٌ مُؤَخَّرٌ « وَلَامٌ ، وَإِلَى » مَعْطُوفَانِ عَلَى حَتَّى « وَمِنْ » الْوَاوُ الِاسْتِئْنَافُ ، مِنْ : قُصِدَ لَفْظُهُ : مُبْتَدَأٌ ، وَبَاءٌ : مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى مِنْ يُفْهَمَانِ ، فِعْلٌ وَفَاعِلٌ ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ بَدَلًا : مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِيُفْهَمَانِ

(2) 'Lil-intiha'i' is a prepositional phrase linked to an omitted predicate. 'Hatta' is a delayed subject. 'Lam' and 'ila' are conjoined to 'hatta'. The 'wa' in 'wa min' begins a new sentence; 'min' is a subject, and 'ba' is conjoined to it. 'Yufhaman' is a verb and subject, and the clause functions as the predicate for the subject. 'Badalan' is the object of 'yufhaman'.

الْآيَةُ الْكَرِيمَةُ الَّتِي تَلَاهَا الشَّارِحُ مِثَالٌ لِمَا كَانَ مُتَّصِلًا بِالْآخِرِ ، وَمِثَالُ مَا كَانَ = (٢- شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ

The noble verse recited by the commentator is an example of what is connected to the latter, and an example of what is [connected to the former] is: 'Peace it is until the rising of the dawn,' and nothing governs it in the genitive case except these two; so you do not say: 'I traveled last night until half of the night'. ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 31 nouns)

• كَانَ — to be
• جَرَّ — to pull
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• ضَرَبَ — to hit
• جَاءَ — to come
• زَادَ — to add
• أَتَى — to come
• قَالَ — to say
• غَفَرَ — to forgive
• أَجَازَ — to permit
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• سَارَ — to walk
• اِتَّصَلَ — to connect
• أَحَد — one
• مَجْرُور — genitive
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• نَفْي — negation
• شِبْه — resemblance
• مُرَاد — intended meaning
• نَهْي — prohibition
• نَحْو — example
• اسْتِفْهَام — interrogation
• إِيجَاب — affirmation
• مَعْرِفَة — definite noun
• خِلَاف — disagreement
• قَوْل — saying
• ذَنْب — sin
• كُوفِيّ — Kufan scholar
• زِيَادَة — addition
• شَرْط — condition
• تَنْكِير — indefiniteness
• مَطَر — rain
• انْتِهَاء — ending
• لَام — lam letter
• بَاء — ba letter
• بَدَل — substitute
• غَايَة — limit
• أَصْل — origin
• ثَلَاثَة — three
• آخِر — end
• غَيْر — other
• بَارِحَة — yesterday
• لَيْل — night
• نِصْف — half