Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 3 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 15

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ

(from previous page) ⟵ The evidence in it is his saying 'kahu', 'kahunna', where he used the kaf to govern the pronoun in both instances in the genitive case, and this is an irregular usage of the prepositions.

بِبَعْضٍ وَبَيْنَ وَابْتَدِئْ فِي الْأَمْكِنَةِ بِمِنْ، وَقَدْ تَأْتِي لِبَدْءِ الْأَزْمِنَةِ

Use 'min' for partitive, 'bayna' (between), and to denote the starting point in places; it may also come to denote the starting point in time.

وَزِيدَ فِي نَفْيٍ وَشِبْهِهِ فَجُرَّ نَكِرَةً، كَـ «مَا لِبَاغٍ مِنْ مَفَرِّ»

It is added in negation and its likes, so it governs an indefinite noun in the genitive, as in: 'There is no escape for a seeker.'

تَجِيءُ « مِنْ » لِلتَّبْعِيضِ ، وَلِبَيَانِ الْجِنْسِ ، وَلِابْتِدَاءِ الْغَايَةِ : فِي غَيْرِ الزَّمَانِ كَثِيرًا ، وَفِي الزَّمَانِ قَلِيلًا ، وَزَائِدَةً

The particle 'min' is used for partitive meaning, for clarifying a genus, and for indicating a starting point. It appears frequently in non-temporal contexts, rarely in temporal ones, and sometimes as an extra particle.

فَمِثَالُهَا لِلتَّبْعِيضِ قَوْلُكَ : ( أَخَذْتُ مِنَ الدَّرَاهِمِ ، وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى : ( وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَقُولُ آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ

An example of its partitive use is your saying: 'I took some of the dirhams.' A scriptural example is the Almighty's saying: 'Among the people are those who say, We believe in Allah.'

وَمِثَالُهَا لِبَيَانِ الْجِنْسِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى : ( فَاجْتَنِبُوا الرِّجْسَ مِنَ الْأَوْثَانِ

An example of its use for clarifying a genus is the Almighty's saying: 'So avoid the impurity of idols.'

وَمِثَالُهَا لِابْتِدَاءِ الْغَايَةِ فِي الْمَكَانِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى : ( سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلًا مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَقْصَى

An example of its use for a starting point in space is the Almighty's saying: 'Exalted is He who took His servant by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque.'

وَمِثَالُهَا لِابْتِدَاءِ الْغَايَةِ فِي الزَّمَانِ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى : ( لَمَسْجِدٌ أُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقْوَى مِنْ أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ أَحَقُّ أَنْ تَقُومَ فِيهِ ) وَقَوْلُ الشَّاعِرِ

An example of its use for a starting point in time is the Almighty's saying: 'A mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy for you to stand in,' as well as the poet's verse:

بَعْضُ ، فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوبًا تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ ، وَبَيِّنْ وَابْتَدِئْ مِثْلُهُ وَمَعْطُوفَانِ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْأَمْكِنَةِ ، مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِابْتَدِئْ بَيْنَ جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ تَنَازَعَتْهُ الْأَفْعَالُ الثَّلَاثَةُ وَقَدْ حَرْفُ تَقْلِيلٍ « تَأْتِي ، فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ ، وَالْفَاعِلُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هِيَ يَعُودُ عَلَى مِنْ « لِبَدْءِ ، جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِتَأْتِي ، وَبَدْءِ مُضَافٌ وَ « الْأَزْمِنَةِ ، مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ

(1) 'Ba'd' is an imperative verb with an obligatory hidden subject estimated as 'you'; 'bayyin' and 'ibta'i' function similarly and are conjoined to it. 'Fi al-amkina' relates to 'ibta'i', while 'bayna' is a prepositional phrase governed by the three verbs. 'Qad' is a particle of diminution; 'ta'ti' is an imperfect verb with a permissible hidden subject estimated as 'it' (feminine), referring to 'min'. 'Li-bad'' is a prepositional phrase related to 'ta'ti', with 'bad'' as the first part of a genitive construction followed by 'al-azmina'.

وَزِيدَ ، فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ مَبْنِيٌّ لِلْمَجْهُولِ ، وَنَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى مِنْ « فِي نَفْيٍ ، جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِزِيدَ ، وَشِبْهِهِ ، الْوَاوُ عَاطِفَةٌ ، شِبْهِ : مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى نَفْيٍ ، وَشِبْهِ مُضَافٌ وَضَمِيرُ الْغَائِبِ الْعَائِدُ إِلَى نَفْيٍ مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ ( فَجَرَّ ) الْفَاءُ : فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ « نَكِرَةً ، مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ عَاطِفَةٌ كَمَا » الْكَافُ جَارَّةٌ لِقَوْلٍ مَحْذُوفٍ ، مَا : نَاهِيَةٌ « لِبَاغٍ ، جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرٍ مُقَدَّمٍ « مِنْ ، زَائِدَةٌ « مَفَرِّ ، مُبْتَدَأٌ مُؤَخَّرٌ جَرٌّ

(2) 'Wa-zid' is a passive past verb with a permissible hidden subject estimated as 'it' (masculine), referring to 'min'. 'Fi nafyi' is a prepositional phrase related to 'zid'. Regarding 'wa-shibhihi', the 'waw' is a conjunction and 'shibh' is conjoined to 'nafyi', forming a genitive construction with the pronoun. 'Fa-jarra' contains a conjunction; 'jarra' is a past verb with a permissible hidden subject estimated as 'it', and 'nakiratan' is the direct object. 'Kama' uses the 'kaf' as a preposition for an implied statement; 'ma' is a negative particle; 'li-baghin' is a prepositional phrase related to an implied fronted predicate; 'min' is an extra particle; 'mafarrin' is the delayed subject; 'jarr'.

Vocabulary · المفردات (12 verbs · 31 nouns)

• بَانَ — to clarify
• ابْتَدَأَ — to begin
• زَادَ — to increase
• جَرَّ — to govern in genitive
• جَاءَ — to come
• أَخَذَ — to take
• قَالَ — to say
• آمَنَ — to believe
• اجْتَنَبَ — to avoid
• أَسْرَى — to travel by night
• أَسَّسَ — to found
• قَامَ — to stand
• بَعْضٌ — part
• مَكَانٌ — place
• زَمَانٌ — time
• نَفْيٌ — negation
• شِبْهٌ — resemblance
• نَكِرَةٌ — indefinite
• بَاغٍ — seeker
• مَفَرٌّ — escape
• تَبْعِيضٌ — partitioning
• بَيَانٌ — clarification
• جِنْسٌ — genus
• ابْتِدَاءٌ — beginning
• غَايَةٌ — end
• كَثِيرٌ — much
• قَلِيلٌ — a little
• زَائِدٌ — extra
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• دِرْهَمٌ — dirham
• نَاسٌ — people
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• رِجْسٌ — filth
• وَثَنٌ — idol
• عَبْدٌ — servant
• لَيْلٌ — night
• مَسْجِدٌ — mosque
• حَرَامٌ — sacred
• أَقْصَى — farthest
• تَقْوَى — piety
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• يَوْمٌ — day
• أَحَقُّ — more worthy