Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 3 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 11

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

مِنْ حُرُوفِ الْجَرِّ مَا لَا يَجُرُّ إِلَّا الظَّاهِرَ، وَهِيَ هَذِهِ السَّبْعَةُ الْمَذْكُورَةُ فِي الْبَيْتِ الْأَوَّلِ؛ فَلَا تَقُولُ: مُنْذُهُ، وَلَا مُذْهُ، وَكَذَا الْبَاقِي.

(from previous page) ⟵ Among the prepositions are those that only govern the genitive case for explicit nouns, and they are these seven mentioned in the first verse; so you do not say 'mundhu-hu' or 'mudhu-hu', and the same applies to the rest.

وَلَا تَجُرُّ مُنْذُ وَمُذْ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ الظَّاهِرَةِ إِلَّا أَسْمَاءَ الزَّمَانِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الزَّمَانُ حَاضِرًا كَانَتْ بِمَعْنَى فِي نَحْوَ: مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمِنَا، أَيْ: فِي يَوْمِنَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ الزَّمَانُ مَاضِيًا كَانَتْ بِمَعْنَى مِنْ نَحْوَ: مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ، أَيْ: مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ، وَسَيَذْكُرُ الْمُصَنِّفُ هَذَا فِي آخِرِ الْبَابِ، وَهَذَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ: وَاخْصُصْ بِمُذْ وَمُنْذُ وَقْتًا.

Mundhu and mudhu only govern nouns of time. If the time is present, they carry the meaning of 'in', as in 'ma ra'aytuhu mundhu yawmina' (I have not seen him in our day). If the time is past, they carry the meaning of 'from', as in 'ma ra'aytuhu mudhu yawm al-jum'ati' (I have not seen him from Friday). The author will address this at the end of the chapter, which is the meaning behind his words: 'Restrict mudhu and mundhu to time'.

وَأَمَّا حَتَّى فَسَيَأْتِي الْكَلَامُ عَلَى مَجْرُورِهَا عِنْدَ ذِكْرِ الْمُصَنِّفِ لَهُ، وَقَدْ شَذَّ جَرُّهَا لِلضَّمِيرِ، كَقَوْلِهِ: فَلَا وَاللَّهِ لَا يُلْفِينِي أُنَاسٌ فَتًى حَتَّاكِ يَا ابْنَ أَبِي زِيَادِ.

As for 'hatta', we will discuss its genitive object when the author covers it. Its use with a pronoun is irregular, as in the line: 'Nay, by Allah, people shall not find me a youth until you, O son of Abi Ziyad'.

مُنْذُ وَمُذْ يَكُونَانِ ظَرْفَيْ زَمَانٍ، وَهُمَا حِينَئِذٍ اسْمَانِ، وَيَكُونَانِ حَرْفَيْ جَرٍّ، وَحِينَئِذٍ لَا يَجُرَّانِ إِلَّا أَسْمَاءَ الزَّمَانِ، طَلَبًا لِلْمُنَاسَبَةِ بَيْنَ حَالَتِهِمَا، وَأَمَّا نَحْوَ قَوْلِكَ: مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ حَدَثَ كَذَا، وَمَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ أَنِ اللَّهُ خَلَقَهُ، فَإِنَّ اسْمَ الزَّمَانِ مُقَدَّرٌ فِي هَذَيْنِ الْمِثَالَيْنِ وَنَحْوِهِمَا، وَأَصْلُ الْكَلَامِ: مُنْذُ زَمَانٍ حَصَلَ كَذَا، وَمُنْذُ زَمَانٍ خَلَقَ اللَّهُ إِيَّاهُ.

Mundhu and mudhu function as adverbs of time, in which case they are nouns. They also function as prepositions, in which case they only govern nouns of time to maintain consistency between their two roles. In examples like 'I have not seen him since such-and-such happened' or 'I have not seen him since Allah created him', a noun of time is implied. The underlying structure is 'since a time such-and-such happened' and 'since a time Allah created him'.

هَذَا الْبَيْتُ مِنَ الشَّوَاهِدِ الَّتِي لَا يُعْرَفُ قَائِلُهَا.

The author of this verse is unknown.

اللُّغَةُ: يُلْفِينِي، مُضَارِعُ أَلْفَى، وَمَعْنَاهُ وَجَدَ، وَيُرْوَى لَا يَلْقَانِي أُنَاسٌ بِالْقَافِ مَكَانَ الْفَاءِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مُضَارِعُ لَقِيَ.

Lexicon: 'yulfini' is the imperfect of 'alfa', meaning 'to find'. It is also narrated as 'la yalqani' with a qaf instead of a fa, as the imperfect of 'laqiya' (to meet).

حَتَّاكِ، اسْتَشْكَلَ أَبُو حَيَّانَ هَذِهِ الْعِبَارَةَ فَقَالَ: الْغَايَةُ فِي حَتَّاكِ لَا أَفْهَمُهُ، وَلَا أَدْرِي مَا عَنَى بِحَتَّاكِ، فَلَعَلَّ هَذَا الْبَيْتَ مَصْنُوعٌ، وَسَتَعْرِفُ رَدَّ هَذَا الْكَلَامِ.

'Hattaki': Abu Hayyan found this expression problematic, stating, 'I do not understand the limit intended by 'hattaki', nor do I know what he meant by it. Perhaps the verse is fabricated.' You will soon see the refutation of this claim.

الْمَعْنَى: يُرِيدُ الشَّاعِرُ أَنْ يَقُولَ: إِنَّ النَّاسَ لَا يَجِدُونَ فَتًى يَرْجُونَهُ لِقَضَاءِ مَطَالِبِهِمْ حَتَّى يَبْلُغُوا الْمَمْدُوحَ، فَإِذَا بَلَغُوهُ فَقَدْ وَجَدُوا ذَلِكَ الْفَتَى، وَبِهَذَا التَّقْرِيرِ يَنْدَفِعُ كَلَامُ أَبِي حَيَّانَ.

Meaning: The poet means that people cannot find a youth to fulfill their needs until they reach the person being praised. Once they reach him, they have found that youth. This explanation refutes Abu Hayyan's objection.

الْإِعْرَابُ: فَلَا، لَا زَائِدَةٌ قَبْلَ الْقَسَمِ لِلتَّوْكِيدِ، وَاللَّهِ، الْوَاوُ لِلْقَسَمِ، وَلَفْظُ الْجَلَالَةِ مُقْسَمٌ بِهِ مَجْرُورٌ بِالْوَاوِ، وَفِعْلُ الْقَسَمِ الَّذِي يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهِ الْجَارُّ وَالْمَجْرُورُ مَحْذُوفٌ.

Grammatical Analysis: In 'fala', the 'la' is an emphatic particle preceding the oath. In 'wa-allahi', the 'waw' is for the oath, and the name of majesty is the object of the oath, governed in the genitive by the 'waw'. The oath verb, to which the prepositional phrase relates, is omitted.

Vocabulary · المفردات (21 verbs · 49 nouns)

• جَرَّ — to govern genitive
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• رَأَى — to see
• أَتَى — to come
• شَذَّ — to be irregular
• أَلْفَى — to find
• وَجَدَ — to find
• رَوَى — to narrate
• لَقِيَ — to meet
• اِسْتَشْكَلَ — to find problematic
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• دَرَى — to know
• عَنَى — to mean
• عَرَفَ — to know
• أَرَادَ — to want
• رَجَا — to hope
• قَضَى — to fulfill
• بَلَغَ — to reach
• اِنْدَفَعَ — to be repelled
• تَعَلَّقَ — to relate
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• حَرْفٌ — letter
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• ظَاهِرٌ — apparent
• سَبْعَةٌ — seven
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• بَاقٍ — remainder
• اسْمٌ — noun
• زَمَانٌ — time
• حَاضِرٌ — present
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• يَوْمٌ — day
• مَاضٍ — past
• جُمُعَةٌ — Friday
• مُصَنِّفٌ — author
• آخِرٌ — end
• بَابٌ — chapter
• وَقْتٌ — time
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• مَجْرُورٌ — genitive
• ذِكْرٌ — mention
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• أُنَاسٌ — people
• فَتًى — young man
• ظَرْفٌ — adverb
• مُنَاسَبَةٌ — suitability
• حَالَةٌ — state
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• أَصْلٌ — origin
• شَاهِدٌ — evidence
• قَائِلٌ — speaker
• لُغَةٌ — language
• مُضَارِعٌ — present tense
• غَايَةٌ — goal
• عِبَارَةٌ — expression
• مَصْنُوعٌ — fabricated
• رَدٌّ — rebuttal
• شَاعِرٌ — poet
• مَطْلَبٌ — demand
• مَمْدُوحٌ — praised
• تَقْرِيرٌ — explanation
• إِعْرَابٌ — grammatical analysis
• زَائِدٌ — extra
• قَسَمٌ — oath
• تَوْكِيدٌ — emphasis
• لَفْظٌ — word
• جَلَالَةٌ — majesty
• مُقْسَمٌ — sworn object
• فِعْلٌ — verb