Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 8

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ : الْجُزْءُ الثَّانِي

Ibn Aqil’s Commentary: Part Two.

لا يَخْلُو اسْمُ ( لا ) [ هَذِهِ ] مِنْ ثَلاثَةِ أَحْوَالٍ ؛ الْحَالُ الأَوَّلُ : أَنْ يَكُونَ مُضَافاً [ نَحْوَ : ( لا غُلامَ رَجُلٍ حَاضِرٌ

The noun following this 'la' (negation) falls into one of three states. The first state is that it is a genitive construction (mudaf), such as: 'la ghulama rajulin hadirun' (no man's servant is present).

الْحَالُ الثَّانِي : أَنْ يَكُونَ مُضَارِعاً لِلْمُضَافِ ، أَيْ مُشَابِهاً لَهُ ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ : كُلُّ اسْمٍ لَهُ تَعَلُّقٌ بِمَا بَعْدَهُ : إِمَّا بِعَمَلٍ ، نَحْوَ : « لا طَالِعاً جَبَلاً ظَاهِرٌ ، وَلا خَيْراً مِنْ زَيْدٍ رَاكِبٌ » ، وَإِمَّا بِعَطْفٍ نَحْوَ : : « لا ثَلاثَةَ وَثَلاثِينَ عِنْدَنَا » وَيُسَمَّى الْمُشَبَّهُ بِالْمُضَافِ : مُطَوَّلاً ، وَمُطَوَّلاً أَيْ : مَمْدُوداً ، وَحُكْمُ الْمُضَافِ وَالْمُشَبَّهِ بِهِ النَّصْبُ لَفْظاً ، كَمَا مُثِّلَ

The second state is that it resembles the genitive construction. This refers to any noun connected to what follows it, either through governance, such as 'la tali'an jabalan zahirun' (no one climbing a mountain is visible) or 'wa la khayran min zaydin rakibun' (no one better than Zayd is riding), or through a conjunction, such as 'la thalathata wa thalathina 'indana' (no thirty-three are with us). This type is called 'mutawwalan', meaning extended. Both the genitive and the one resembling it are in the accusative case, as shown in the examples.

وَالْحَالُ الثَّالِثُ : أَنْ يَكُونَ مُفْرَداً ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ هُنَا مَا لَيْسَ بِمُضَافٍ ، وَلا مُشَبَّهٍ بِالْمُضَافِ ؛ فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ الْمُثَنَّى وَالْمَجْمُوعُ ، وَحُكْمُهُ الْبِنَاءُ عَلَى مَا كَانَ يُنْصَبُ بِهِ لِتَرْكِيبِهِ ( لا ) وَصَيْرُورَتِهِ مَعَهَا كَالشَّيْءِ الْوَاحِدِ ؛ فَهُوَ مَعَهَا كَخَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ وَلَكِنَّ مَحَلَّهُ النَّصْبُ بـ ( لا ) ؛ لأَنَّهُ اسْمٌ لَهَا

The third state is that it is singular. Here, this means any noun that is neither a genitive construction nor resembles one, thus including dual and plural forms. Its ruling is to be indeclinable based on the sign it would normally take in the accusative case, because it is compounded with 'la' to form a single unit, much like the number fifteen. However, its grammatical position remains the accusative, as it serves as the noun for 'la'.

فَالْمُفْرَدُ الَّذِي لَيْسَ بِمُثَنَّى وَلا مَجْمُوعٍ يُبْنَى عَلَى الْفَتْحِ ؛ لأَنَّ نَصْبَهُ بِالْفَتْحَةِ نَحْوَ : ( لا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إِلا بِاللَّهِ ) ، وَالْمُثَنَّى وَجَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمُ يُبْنَيَانِ عَلَى مَا كَانَا يُنْصَبَانِ بِهِ - وَهُوَ الْيَاءُ - نَحْوَ : « لا مُسْلِمَيْنِ لَكَ ، وَلا مُسْلِمِينَ » ، فَمُسْلِمَيْنِ وَمُسْلِمِينَ مَبْنِيَّانِ ؛ لِتَرَكُّبِهِمَا مَعَ « لا » كَمَا بُنِيَ « رَجُلٌ » [ لِتَرْكِيبِهِ ] مَعَهَا

A singular noun that is neither dual nor plural is indeclinable on the fatha, since it would take a fatha in the accusative, such as in 'la hawla wa la quwwata illa billah' (there is no power and no strength except by God). Duals and sound masculine plurals are indeclinable based on the sign they would take in the accusative, which is the ya', as in 'la muslimayni laka, wa la muslimina' (no two Muslims for you, and no Muslims). Thus, 'muslimayni' and 'muslimina' are indeclinable due to their composition with 'la', just as 'rajulun' is indeclinable.

وَذَهَبَ الْكُوفِيُّونَ وَالزَّجَّاجُ إِلَى أَنَّ « رَجُلٌ » فِي قَوْلِكَ : ( لا رَجُلَ ) مُعْرَبٌ ، وَأَنَّ فَتْحَتَهُ فَتْحَةُ إِعْرَابٍ ، لا فَتْحَةُ بِنَاءٍ ، وَذَهَبَ الْمُبَرِّدُ إِلَى أَنَّ « مُسْلِمَيْنِ » وَ ( مُسْلِمِينَ ) مُعْرَبَانِ

The Kufan school and al-Zajjaj held that 'rajulun' in the phrase 'la rajula' is declinable, and that its fatha is a sign of declension rather than indeclinability. Al-Mubarrad held that 'muslimayni' and 'muslimina' are also declinable (1).

الْوَقْفُ فِي مَحَلِّ جَزْمٍ بِـ ( لا ) النَّاهِيَةِ ، وَالْفَاعِلُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوباً تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ فِي مَحَلِّ جَزْمٍ جَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ ، وَحُذِفَ مِنْهَا الْفَاءُ ضَرُورَةً ، وَكَانَ حَقُّهُ أَنْ يَقُولَ : وَإِنْ رَفَعْتَ أَوَّلاً فَلا تَنْصَبَا

The pause is in the position of a jussive governed by the prohibitive 'la'. The subject is an obligatorily hidden pronoun estimated as 'you'. The sentence is in the position of a jussive as the response to the condition, with the 'fa' omitted out of necessity; it would have been correct for him to say: 'wa in rafa'ta awwalan fa-la tansaba' (and if you raise first, then do not make it accusative).

ذَهَبَ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْمُبَرِّدُ إِلَى أَنَّ اسْمَ « لا » ، إِذَا كَانَ مُثَنَّى أَوْ مَجْمُوعاً جَمْعَ مُذَكَّرٍ سَالِماً فَهُوَ مُعْرَبٌ مَنْصُوبٌ بِالْيَاءِ ، وَلَيْسَ مَبْنِيّاً كَمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ جُمْهُورُ النُّحَاةِ ، وَاحْتَجَّ لِمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ بِأَنَّ التَّثْنِيَةَ وَالْجَمْعَ مِنْ خَصَائِصِ الأَسْمَاءِ ، وَقَدْ عَلِمْنَا أَنَّ مِنْ شَرْطِ بِنَاءِ الاسْمِ لِشَبَهِ

Abu al-Abbas al-Mubarrad held the view that the noun of 'la' (the negative particle), when it is dual or a sound masculine plural, is indeclinable and accusative with the ya, and not built upon a fixed state as the majority of grammarians held, and he argued for his position by stating that duality and plurality are characteristics of nouns, and we know that one of the conditions for a noun to be built upon a fixed state due to its resemblance to 'la' which negates the genus is... ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (12 verbs · 58 nouns)

• خَلَا — to be empty
• أَضَافَ — to add
• شَابَهَ — to resemble
• طَلَعَ — to ascend
• سَمَّى — to name
• مَثَّلَ — to exemplify
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• نَصَبَ — to set up
• بَنَى — to build
• ذَهَبَ — to go
• عَلِمَ — to know
• اِحْتَجَّ — to argue
• اِسْم — noun
• حَال — state
• ثَلَاثَة — three
• مُضَاف — genitive
• غُلَام — boy
• رَجُل — man
• حَاضِر — present
• مُضَارِع — resembling
• مُرَاد — intended meaning
• تَعَلُّق — connection
• عَمَل — work
• طَالِع — ascendant
• جَبَل — mountain
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• خَيْر — good
• رَاكِب — rider
• عَطْف — conjunction
• عِنْد — at
• مُشَبَّه — resembled
• مُطَوَّل — extended
• تَمْطُول — extension
• مَمْدُود — extended
• حُكْم — ruling
• نَصْب — accusative
• لَفْظ — pronunciation
• مُفْرَد — singular
• مُثَنَّى — dual
• مَجْمُوع — plural
• بِنَاء — indeclinability
• صَيْرُورَة — becoming
• شَيْء — thing
• وَاحِد — one
• خَمْسَة — five
• عَشَر — ten
• مَحَل — place
• فَتْحَة — fatha
• حَوْل — power
• قُوَّة — strength
• جَمْع — plural
• مُذَكَّر — masculine
• سَالِم — sound
• يَاء — ya
• مُسْلِم — muslim
• مَبْنِيّ — indeclinable
• كُوفِيّ — Kufan
• زَجَّاج — glassmaker
• قَوْل — saying
• مُعْرَب — declinable
• إِعْرَاب — declension
• مُبَرِّد — cooler
• أَب — father
• عَبَّاس — Abbas
• جُمْهُور — majority
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• تَثْنِيَة — dualization
• خَصِيصَة — characteristic
• شَرْط — condition
• شَبَه — resemblance