Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 6

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَلَا يَكُونُ اسْمُهَا وَخَبَرُهَا إِلَّا نَكِرَةً ، فَلَا تَعْمَلُ فِي الْمَعْرِفَةِ ، وَمَا وَرَدَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ ؛ مُؤَوَّلٌ بِنَكِرَةٍ ، كَقَوْلِهِمْ : قَضِيَّةٌ وَلَا أَبَا حَسَنٍ لَهَا ، فَالْتَّقْدِيرُ : وَلَا مُسَمَّى بِهَذَا الِاسْمِ لَهَا ، وَيَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مُعَامَلٌ مُعَامَلَةَ النَّكِرَةِ وَصْفُهُ بِالنَّكِرَةِ كَقَوْلِكَ : لَا أَبَا حَسَنٍ حَلَالًا لَهَا ، وَلَا يُفْصَلُ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اسْمِهَا ، فَإِنْ فُصِلَ بَيْنَهُمَا أُلْغِيَتْ ، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : لَا فِيهَا غَوْلٌ

(from previous page) ⟵ And its operation when repeated is permissible, and its noun and predicate must be indefinite, so it does not operate on the definite, and whatever has been reported of that is interpreted as indefinite, such as their saying: 'A case and no Abu Hassan for it,' so the estimation is: 'And no one named by this name for it,' and what indicates that it is treated as an indefinite is its description with an indefinite, as in your saying: 'No Abu Hassan lawful for it,' and it is not separated from its noun, for if it is separated from them, it is nullified, as in His saying, the Almighty: 'No ghoul in it.'

فَانْصِبْ بِهَا مُضَافًا ، أَوْ مُضَارِعَهُ ، وَبَعْدَ ذَاكَ الْخَبَرَ اذْكُرْ رَافِعَهُ

Use it to make a genitive construction or its equivalent accusative, then mention the element that elevates its predicate.

الشُّرُوطُ الَّتِي يَجِبُ تَوَافُرُهَا لِإِعْمَالِ لَا ، عَمَلَ إِنَّ سِتَّةٌ ، وَهِيَ : أَنْ تَكُونَ نَافِيَةً

There are six conditions that must be met for 'la' to function like 'inna': it must be a negative particle.

وَأَنْ يَكُونَ الْمَنْفِيُّ بِهَا الْجِنْسَ ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ النَّفْيُ نَصًّا فِي ذَلِكَ ، وَأَلَّا يَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهَا جَارٌ كَمَا دَخَلَ عَلَيْهَا فِي نَحْوِ قَوْلِهِمْ : جِئْتُ بِلَا زَادٍ ، وَقَوْلِهِمْ : غَضِبْتُ مِنْ لَا شَيْءٍ ، وَأَنْ يَكُونَ اسْمُهَا وَخَبَرُهَا نَكِرَتَيْنِ ، وَأَلَّا يَفْصِلَ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اسْمِهَا فَاصِلٌ أَيُّ فَاصِلٍ وَلَا خَبَرُهَا ، وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ الشَّارِحُ هُنَا بِشَرْطَيْنِ وَهُمَا الْخَامِسُ وَالسَّادِسُ ، وَأَشَارَ فِي صَدْرِ كَلَامِهِ إِلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ الْأُولَى ، وَتَرَكَ وَاحِدًا ، وَهُوَ أَلَّا يَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهَا جَارٌ

The negation must apply to the entire genus and be explicit. No preposition may precede it, as seen in phrases like 'I came without provisions' or 'I became angry over nothing.' Both its noun and predicate must be indefinite, and no separator of any kind may come between it and its noun or predicate. The commentator explicitly mentions two conditions here—the fifth and sixth—having alluded to the first three at the start of his discussion, while omitting the condition regarding the exclusion of prepositions.

هَكَذَا أَوَّلَهُ الشَّارِحُ ، وَلَيْسَ تَأْوِيلُهُ بِصَحِيحٍ ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُسَمَّى بِأَبِي حَسَنٍ مَوْجُودٌ وَكَثِيرُونَ ؛ فَالنَّفْيُ غَيْرُ صَادِقٍ

This is the commentator's interpretation, yet it is incorrect because many people named Abu Hassan exist, rendering the negation factually false.

وَقَدْ أَوَّلَهُ الْعُلَمَاءُ بِتَأْوِيلَيْنِ آخَرَيْنِ

Scholars have proposed two alternative interpretations.

أَحَدُهُمَا : أَنَّ الْكَلَامَ عَلَى حَذْفِ مُضَافٍ ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ : وَلَا مِثْلَ أَبِي حَسَنٍ لَهَا ، وَمِثْلُ كَلِمَةٌ مُتَوَغِّلَةٌ فِي الْإِبْهَامِ لَا تَتَعَرَّفُ بِالْإِضَافَةِ ، وَنَفْيُ الْمِثْلِ كِنَايَةٌ عَنْ نَفْيِ وُجُودِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ نَفْسِهِ

The first is that a genitive element is omitted, implying: 'No like of Abu Hassan exists for it.' The word 'like' is inherently indefinite and does not become definite through genitive construction; thus, negating the 'like' serves as a metonymy for negating the existence of Abu Hassan himself.

وَالثَّانِي : أَنْ يُجْعَلَ أَبَا حَسَنٍ عِبَارَةً عَنْ اسْمِ جِنْسٍ وَكَأَنَّهُ قَدْ قِيلَ : وَلَا فَيْصَلَ لَهَا ، وَهَذَا مِثْلُ تَأْوِيلِهِمْ فِي بَابِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ نَحْوُ حَاتِمٌ ، بِالْمُتَنَاهِي فِي الْجُودِ ، وَنَحْوُ مَادِرٌ بِالْمُتَنَاهِي فِي الْبُخْلِ ، وَنَحْوُ يُوسُفُ ، بِالْمُتَنَاهِي فِي الْحُسْنِ ، وَضَابِطُهُ : أَنْ يُؤَوَّلَ الِاسْمُ الْعَلَمُ بِمَا اشْتَهَرَ بِهِ مِنْ الْوَصْفِ

The second is to treat 'Abu Hassan' as a generic noun, as if saying: 'No decider for it.' This mirrors the metaphorical usage where 'Hatim' represents the pinnacle of generosity, 'Madir' the pinnacle of stinginess, and 'Yusuf' the pinnacle of beauty. The rule is to interpret a proper noun based on the quality for which it is famous.

فَانْصِبْ ، فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوبًا تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ

'Fansib' is an imperative verb with a mandatory hidden subject pronoun estimated as 'you'.

بِهَا جَارٌ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِانْصِبْ مُضَافًا مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِانْصِبْ ، أَوْ ، عَاطِفَةٌ مُضَارِعَهُ ، مُضَارِعٌ بِمَعْنَى مُشَابِهٍ : مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ مُضَافًا ، وَمُضَارِعٌ مُضَافٌ وَالْهَاءُ الْعَائِدَةُ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ مُضَافًا ، مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ وَبَعْدَ ، ظَرْفٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِقَوْلِهِ ، اذْكُرْ الْآتِيَ ، وَبَعْدَ مُضَافٌ

'Biha' is a preposition and its object related to 'fansib', while 'mudafan' is the direct object of 'fansib'. 'Aw' is a conjunction. 'Mudari'ahu'—where 'mudari' means 'similar'—is conjoined to 'mudafan'. 'Mudari' is in a genitive construction, and the pronoun 'ha' referring back to 'mudafan' is in the genitive case. 'Ba'da' is an adverb related to the upcoming word 'udhkur', and 'ba'da' itself is in a genitive construction.

Vocabulary · المفردات (28 verbs · 78 nouns)

• كَانَ — to be
• عَمِلَ — to work
• وَرَدَ — to arrive
• أَوَّلَ — to interpret
• سَمَّى — to name
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• عَامَلَ — to treat
• وَصَفَ — to describe
• فَصَلَ — to separate
• أَلْغَى — to cancel
• نَصَبَ — to put in accusative
• أَضَافَ — to add
• ضَارَعَ — to resemble
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• رَفَعَ — to raise
• وَجَبَ — to be necessary
• تَوَافَرَ — to be available
• نَفَى — to negate
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• جَاءَ — to come
• غَضِبَ — to be angry
• صَرَّحَ — to declare
• أَشَارَ — to point out
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• تَوَغَّلَ — to penetrate
• تَعَرَّفَ — to be known
• جَعَلَ — to make
• اِشْتَهَرَ — to be famous
• اِسْم — noun
• خَبَر — predicate
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• مَعْرِفَة — definite noun
• قَوْل — saying
• قَضِيَّة — case
• أَب — father
• حَسَن — Hasan
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• مُعَامَلَة — treatment
• وَصْف — description
• حَلَال — lawful
• غَوْل — calamity
• مُضَاف — genitive
• بَعْد — after
• شَرْط — condition
• عَمَل — work
• سِتَّة — six
• مَنْفِيّ — negated
• جِنْس — genus
• نَصّ — text
• جَارّ — preposition
• نَحْو — example
• زَاد — provision
• شَيْء — thing
• فَاصِل — separator
• شَارِح — commentator
• خَامِس — fifth
• سَادِس — sixth
• صَدْر — beginning
• كَلَام — speech
• ثَلَاثَة — three
• أَوَّل — first
• وَاحِد — one
• صَحِيح — correct
• مَوْجُود — existing
• كَثِير — many
• صَادِق — truthful
• عَالِم — scholar
• تَأْوِيل — interpretation
• آخَر — other
• حَذْف — omission
• مِثْل — like
• كَلِمَة — word
• إِبْهَام — ambiguity
• إِضَافَة — addition
• كِنَايَة — metonymy
• وُجُود — existence
• نَفْس — self
• ثَانِي — second
• عِبَارَة — expression
• فَيْصَل — decider
• بَاب — chapter
• اِسْتِعَارَة — metaphor
• حَاتِم — Hatim
• مُتَنَاهِي — extreme
• جُود — generosity
• مَادِر — Madir
• بُخْل — stinginess
• يُوسُف — Yusuf
• ضَابِط — rule
• عَلَم — proper noun
• فِعْل — verb
• أَمْر — imperative
• فَاعِل — doer
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• مُسْتَتِر — hidden
• وُجُوب — necessity
• مُتَعَلِّق — related
• مَفْعُول — object
• عَاطِفَة — conjunction
• مُضَارِع — resembling
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• مُشَابِه — similar
• مَعْطُوف — conjoined
• عَائِد — referring
• ظَرْف — adverb
• آتِي — following