Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 51

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

ظَنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا.

(from previous page) ⟵ The evidence in this is his saying, 'I found the essence of character to be politeness,' for its literal meaning is that he cancelled the verb 'I found' despite it preceding the object; because if he had made it operative, he would have said, 'I found the essence of character to be politeness,' by putting both 'essence' and 'politeness' in the accusative case as two objects, but he put them in the nominative case. The Kufans said: It is a case of cancellation, and cancellation is permissible when the verb precedes the object, just as it is permissible when it is in the middle or at the end. The Basrans said: It is not so; rather, it is either a case of suspension, with the 'lam' of inception implicitly entering upon 'essence,' or it is a case of operation, where the first object is an implied pronoun of state, and the nominal sentence is in the place of the second object, as we explained in the parsing of the verse, and the fair-minded person who knows the places of truth realizes the artificiality in these two interpretations regarding 'dhanna' and its sisters.

وَكَذَلِكَ يُعَلَّقُ الْفَصْلُ إِذَا وَقَعَ بَعْدَهُ (لَا) النَّافِيَةُ، نَحْوُ: «ظَنَنْتُ لَا زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ وَلَا عَمْرٌو» أَوْ لَامُ الِابْتِدَاءِ، نَحْوُ: «ظَنَنْتُ لَزَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ»، أَوْ لَامُ الْقَسَمِ، نَحْوُ: «عَلِمْتُ لَيَقُومَنَّ زَيْدٌ»، وَلَمْ يَعُدَّهَا أَحَدٌ مِنَ النَّحْوِيِّينَ مِنَ الْمُعَلَّقَاتِ، أَوِ الِاسْتِفْهَامُ، وَلَهُ صُوَرٌ ثَلَاثٌ؛ أَنْ يَكُونَ أَحَدُ الْمَفْعُولَيْنِ اسْمَ اسْتِفْهَامٍ، نَحْوُ: «عَلِمْتُ أَيُّهُمْ أَبُوكَ»؛ الثَّانِيَةُ: أَنْ يَكُونَ مُضَافًا إِلَى اسْمِ اسْتِفْهَامٍ، نَحْوُ: «عَلِمْتُ غُلَامُ أَيِّهِمْ أَبُوكَ»؛ الثَّالِثَةُ: أَنْ تَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهِ أَدَاةُ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ، نَحْوُ: «عَلِمْتُ أَزَيْدٌ عِنْدَكَ أَمْ عَمْرٌو؟» وَ«عَلِمْتُ هَلْ زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ أَمْ عَمْرٌو؟».

The verb's action is similarly suspended if followed by the negative particle "la," as in "I thought Zayd is not standing, nor is 'Amr"; the assertive "lam" of inception, as in "I thought Zayd is standing"; the "lam" of an oath, as in "I knew Zayd will surely stand" (though no grammarian classifies this as a true suspension); or an interrogative. Interrogation has three forms: one of the two objects is an interrogative noun, such as "I knew which of them is your father"; the object is genitive to an interrogative noun, such as "I knew whose servant among them is your father"; or an interrogative particle precedes the clause, such as "I knew, is Zayd with you or 'Amr?" and "I knew, is Zayd standing or 'Amr?"

قَدْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى أَنَّ لَامَ الْقَسَمِ مُعَلِّقَةٌ لِلْفِعْلِ عَنِ الْعَمَلِ فِي لَفْظِ الْجُمْلَةِ مَعَ بَقَاءِ الْفِعْلِ عَلَى مَعْنَاهُ قَوْمٌ: مِنْهُمُ الْأَعْلَمُ الشَّنْتَمَرِيُّ، وَتَبِعَهُ النَّاظِمُ، وَابْنُهُ، وَابْنُ هِشَامٍ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ فِي أَغْلَبِ كُتُبِهِ، وَمَثَّلُوا لِذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: (وَلَقَدْ عَلِمُوا لَمَنِ اشْتَرَاهُ مَا لَهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنْ خَلَاقٍ) وَيَقُولُ الشَّاعِرُ: وَلَقَدْ عَلِمْتُ لَتَأْتِيَنَّ مَنِيَّتِي لَا بَعْدَهَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيَّ وَلَا عَدَمُ.

A group of scholars, including Al-A'lam Al-Shantamari, holds that the oath-taking "lam" suspends the verb's grammatical influence on the sentence while the verb retains its original meaning. He was followed in this by the versifier, his son, and Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari in most of his works. They cite as evidence the Quranic verse, "They knew that whoever purchased it has no share in the Hereafter," and the poet's line: "I knew my death would surely come, after which there is no fear for me, nor non-existence."

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Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 57 nouns)

• ظَنَّ — to think
• عَلَّقَ — to suspend
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• أَخ — sibling
• فَصْل — chapter
• نَافِيَة — negative (particle)