Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 20

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَامْرَأَةٌ، وَامْرَأَةٌ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ الْبِنَاءُ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ، وَحَكَى الْأَخْفَشُ: لَا رَجُلَ وَامْرَأَةٌ، بِالْبِنَاءِ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ، عَلَى تَقْدِيرِ تَكَرُّرِ «لَا» فَكَأَنَّهُ قَالَ: «لَا رَجُلَ وَلَا امْرَأَةَ» ثُمَّ حُذِفَتْ «لَا».

A woman, a woman; it is not permissible to build upon the fatha. Al-Akhfash reported: 'la rajula wa-imra'atun' (no man and a woman), with the fatha, based on the assumption that 'la' is repeated, as if he had said: 'la rajula wa-la imra'ata' (no man and no woman), then 'la' was omitted.

وَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا كَانَ الْمَعْطُوفُ غَيْرَ مُفْرَدٍ لَا يَجُوزُ فِيهِ إِلَّا الرَّفْعُ وَالنَّصْبُ، سَوَاءٌ تَكَرَّرَتْ «لَا» نَحْوَ: «لَا رَجُلَ وَلَا غُلَامَ امْرَأَةٍ» أَوْ لَمْ تَتَكَرَّرْ، نَحْوَ: «لَا رَجُلٌ وَغُلَامُ امْرَأَةٍ».

Likewise, if the conjoined element is not a single word, only the nominative and accusative are permissible, whether 'la' is repeated, as in 'la rajula wa-la ghulama imra'atin' (no man and no servant of a woman), or not repeated, as in 'la rajulun wa-ghulamu imra'atin' (no man and no servant of a woman).

هَذَا كُلُّهُ إِذَا كَانَ الْمَعْطُوفُ نَكِرَةً؛ فَإِنْ كَانَ مَعْرِفَةً لَا يَجُوزُ فِيهِ إِلَّا الرَّفْعُ، عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ، نَحْوَ: «لَا رَجُلَ وَلَا زَيْدٌ فِيهَا»، أَوْ «لَا رَجُلَ وَزَيْدٌ فِيهَا».

All of this applies when the conjoined element is indefinite. If it is definite, only the nominative is permissible in any case, such as 'la rajula wa-la Zaydun fiha' (no man and no Zayd in it) or 'la rajula wa-Zaydun fiha' (no man and Zayd in it).

وَأَعْطِ «لَا» مَعَ هَمْزَةِ اسْتِفْهَامٍ مَا تَسْتَحِقُّ دُونَ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ مَنْصُوبًا، وَقَدْ كَانَ يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ بِهِ مَرْفُوعًا بِالْعَطْفِ عَلَى مَحَلِّ «لَا» مَعَ اسْمِهَا؛ فَإِنَّ مَحَلَّهُمَا رَفْعٌ بِالِابْتِدَاءِ عِنْدَ سِيبَوَيْهِ، كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرُهُ مِرَارًا.

Assign to 'la' when paired with the interrogative hamza the accusative case it deserves, excluding the interrogative itself. It would have been permissible to use the nominative by conjoining it to the position of 'la' and its noun, as their position is nominative due to the initial state according to Sibawayh, as has been mentioned repeatedly.

ذَكَرَ النَّاظِمُ وَالشَّارِحُ حُكْمَ الْعَطْفِ عَلَى اسْمِ «لَا»، وَحُكْمَ نَعْتِهِ، وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ وَاحِدٌ مِنْهُمَا حُكْمَ الْبَدَلِ مِنْهُ.

The versifier and the commentator mentioned the rule for conjunction to the noun of 'la' and the rule for its adjective, but neither mentioned the rule for the substitute (badal) for it.

وَحَاصِلُهُ أَنَّ الْبَدَلَ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ نَكِرَةً كَاسْمِ «لَا»، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعْرِفَةً، فَإِذَا كَانَ الْبَدَلُ نَكِرَةً جَازَ فِيهِ الرَّفْعُ وَالنَّصْبُ، فَتَقُولُ: لَا أَحَدَ رَجُلًا وَامْرَأَةً فِيهَا، وَتَقُولُ: لَا أَحَدَ رَجُلٌ وَامْرَأَةٌ فِيهَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ الْبَدَلُ مَعْرِفَةً لَمْ يَجُزْ فِيهِ إِلَّا الرَّفْعُ، فَتَقُولُ: لَا أَحَدَ زَيْدٌ وَعَمْرٌو فِيهَا.

The conclusion is that the substitute is either indefinite, like the noun of 'la', or definite. If the substitute is indefinite, both the nominative and accusative are permissible, so you say 'la ahada rajulan wa-imra'atan fiha' (no one, a man and a woman, in it) or 'la ahada rajulun wa-imra'atun fiha' (no one, a man and a woman, in it). If the substitute is definite, only the nominative is permissible, so you say 'la ahada Zaydun wa-'Amrun fiha' (no one, Zayd and 'Amr, in it).

وَأَمَّا التَّوْكِيدُ فَلَا يَأْتِي مِنْهُ الْمَعْنَوِيُّ، لِأَنَّ أَلْفَاظَهُ مَعَارِفُ، وَاسْمَ «لَا» نَكِرَةٌ، وَلَا تُؤَكَّدُ النَّكِرَةُ تَوْكِيدًا مَعْنَوِيًّا عَلَى مَا سَتَعْرِفُ فِي بَابِ التَّوْكِيدِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ.

As for corroboration, the semantic type does not occur here because its terms are definite, while the noun of 'la' is indefinite. An indefinite noun is not corroborated by semantic corroboration, as you will learn in the chapter on corroboration, God willing.

وَأَعْطِ، فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوبًا تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ، وَ«لَا» قَصْدُ لَفْظِهِ: مَفْعُولٌ أَوَّلُ لِأَعْطِ مَعَ ظَرْفٍ مُتَعَلِّقٍ بِمَحْذُوفٍ حَالٍ مِنَ «لَا»، وَمَعَ مُضَافٍ، وَ«هَمْزَةِ» مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ، وَ«هَمْزَةِ» مُضَافٌ، وَ«اسْتِفْهَامٍ» مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ، «مَا».

'A'ti' (give) is an imperative verb with an obligatorily hidden subject estimated as 'anta' (you). 'La' (intended as a word) is the first object of 'a'ti', along with an adverb related to an omitted state from 'la', and with a genitive construction where 'hamzat' is the genitive noun, and 'hamzat' is a genitive construction, and 'istifham' is the genitive noun, 'ma'.

Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 31 nouns)

• جَازَ — to be permissible
• حَكَى — to narrate
• قَالَ — to say
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• تَكَرَّرَ — to repeat
• أَعْطَى — to give
• اِسْتَحَقَّ — to deserve
• أَتَى — to come
• تَقَدَّمَ — to precede
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• عَرَفَ — to know
• شَاءَ — to will
• اِسْتَتَرَ — to be hidden
• تَعَلَّقَ — to relate
• امْرَأَةٌ — woman
• بِنَاءٌ — construction
• فَتْحٌ — fatha
• رَجُلٌ — man
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• تَكَرُّرٌ — repetition
• مَعْطُوفٌ — conjoined
• مُفْرَدٌ — singular
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• غُلَامٌ — boy
• نَكِرَةٌ — indefinite
• مَعْرِفَةٌ — definite noun
• حَالٌ — state
• هَمْزَةٌ — hamza
• اسْتِفْهَامٌ — interrogation
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• ابْتِدَاءٌ — beginning
• نَاظِمٌ — poet
• شَارِحٌ — commentator
• حُكْمٌ — ruling
• عَطْفٌ — conjunction
• اسْمٌ — noun
• نَعْتٌ — adjective
• بَدَلٌ — substitute
• أَحَدٌ — one
• تَوْكِيدٌ — emphasis
• مَعْنَوِيٌّ — semantic
• لَفْظٌ — word
• مَفْعُولٌ — object
• ظَرْفٌ — adverb