Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 44

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْأَسْمَاءُ السِّتَّةُ، وَهِيَ أَبٌ، وَأَخٌ، وَحَمٌ، وَهَنٌ، وَفُوهُ، وَذُو مَالٍ؛ فَهَذِهِ تُرْفَعُ بِالْوَاوِ نَحْوَ «جَاءَ أَبُو زَيْدٍ»، وَتُنْصَبُ بِالْأَلِفِ نَحْوَ «رَأَيْتُ أَبَاهُ»، وَتُجَرُّ بِالْيَاءِ نَحْوَ «مَرَرْتُ بِأَبِيهِ»، وَالْمَشْهُورُ أَنَّهَا مُعْرَبَةٌ بِالْحُرُوفِ؛ فَالْوَاوُ نَائِبَةٌ عَنْ الضَّمَّةِ، وَالْأَلِفُ نَائِبَةٌ عَنْ الْفَتْحَةِ، وَالْيَاءُ نَائِبَةٌ عَنْ الْكَسْرَةِ، وَهَذَا هُوَ الَّذِي أَشَارَ إِلَيْهِ الْمُصَنِّفُ بِقَوْلِهِ: «وَارْفَعْ بِوَاوٍ» - إِلَى آخِرِ الْبَيْتِ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهَا مُعْرَبَةٌ بِحَرَكَاتٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْوَاوِ وَالْأَلِفِ وَالْيَاءِ؛ فَالرَّفْعُ بِضَمَّةٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْوَاوِ، وَالنَّصْبُ بِفَتْحَةٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْأَلِفِ، وَالْجَرُّ بِكَسْرَةٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْيَاءِ؛ فَعَلَى هَذَا الْمَذْهَبِ الصَّحِيحِ لَمْ يَنُبْ شَيْءٌ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مِمَّا سَبَقَ ذِكْرُهُ.

The six nouns are ab (father), akh (brother), ham (in-law), han (thing), fu (mouth), and dhu mal (possessor of wealth). These are put in the nominative case with a waw, as in 'Ja'a Abu Zaid' (Zaid's father came), the accusative with an alif, as in 'Ra'aitu Abahu' (I saw his father), and the genitive with a ya, as in 'Marartu bi-Abihi' (I passed by his father). The common view is that they are inflected by letters, where the waw stands in for the damma, the alif for the fatha, and the ya for the kasra. This is what the author pointed to when he said, 'Raise with a waw'—up to the end of the verse. However, the correct view is that they are inflected by vowels implied on the waw, alif, and ya. Thus, the nominative is a damma implied on the waw, the accusative a fatha implied on the alif, and the genitive a kasra implied on the ya. Under this correct school of thought, none of the previously mentioned letters act as a substitute for anything else.

فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ أَقْوَالٌ كَثِيرَةٌ.

There are many opinions on this issue.

وَأَشْهَرُ هَذِهِ الْأَقْوَالِ ثَلَاثَةٌ، الْأَوَّلُ: أَنَّهَا مُعْرَبَةٌ مِنْ مَكَانٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَالْوَاوُ وَالْأَلِفُ وَالْيَاءُ هِيَ حُرُوفُ الْإِعْرَابِ، وَهَذَا رَأْيُ جُمْهُورِ الْبَصْرِيِّينَ وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْأَخْفَشُ فِي أَحَدِ قَوْلَيْهِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ النَّاظِمُ هُنَا وَمَالَ إِلَيْهِ، وَالثَّانِي: أَنَّهَا مُعْرَبَةٌ مِنْ مَكَانٍ وَاحِدٍ أَيْضًا، وَإِعْرَابُهَا بِحَرَكَاتٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْوَاوِ وَالْأَلِفِ وَالْيَاءِ، فَإِذَا قُلْتَ «جَاءَ أَبُوكَ»، فَأَبُوكَ: فَاعِلٌ مَرْفُوعٌ بِضَمَّةٍ مُقَدَّرَةٍ عَلَى الْوَاوِ مَنَعَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا الثِّقَلُ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ سِيبَوَيْهِ.

The three most famous opinions are as follows. First, they are inflected from a single place, with the waw, alif, and ya serving as the letters of inflection. This is the view held by most Basrans and one of the two positions taken by Abu al-Hasan al-Akhfash; it is also the view the poet mentions and favors here. Second, they are also inflected from a single place, but by vowels implied on the waw, alif, and ya. If you say 'Ja'a Abuka' (Your father came), 'Abuka' is the subject in the nominative case with a damma implied on the waw, which is difficult to pronounce. This is the school of Sibawayh.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (29 verbs · 48 nouns)

• رَفَعَ — to make nominative
• جَاءَ — to come
• نَصَبَ — to make accusative
• اسْمٌ — noun
• سِتَّةٌ — six
• أَبٌ — father