Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 20

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ : الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ

Sharh Ibn Aqil: Part One.

وَالتَّنْوِينُ الْغَالِي - وَأَثْبَتَهُ الْأَخْفَشُ - وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَلْحَقُ الْقَوَافِيَ الْمُقَيَّدَةَ ، كَقَوْلِهِ : وَقَاتِمِ الْأَعْمَاقِ خَاوِي الْمُخْتَرَقْنَ

The 'ghali' (excessive) tanwin—which al-Akhfash affirmed—attaches to restricted rhymes, as in the line: 'A dark-hued expanse, empty of paths'.

وَهُوَ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِتَزُولُ ، وَرِجَالٌ مُضَافٌ وَدَنَا ، مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ كَأَنَّ ، حَرْفُ تَشْبِيهٍ وَنَصْبٍ

It connects to 'tazulu'; 'rijal' is a genitive, and 'dana' is its genitive complement. 'Ka'anna' is a particle of comparison that takes the accusative.

وَاسْمُهَا ضَمِيرُ شَأْنٍ مَحْذُوفٌ ، وَخَبَرُهَا جُمْلَةٌ مَحْذُوفَةٌ تَقْدِيرُهَا ، وَكَأَنَّ قَدْ زَالَتْ ، فَحُذِفَ الْفِعْلُ وَفَاعِلُهُ الْمُسْتَتِرُ فِيهِ ، وَأُبْقِيَ الْحَرْفُ الَّذِي قَدْ

Its noun is an omitted pronoun of state, and its predicate is an implied sentence, understood as 'ka'anna qad zalat' (as if it had indeed departed). The verb and its hidden subject were dropped, leaving the particle 'qad' behind.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ : فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ شَاهِدَانِ لِلنُّحَاةِ ، أَوَّلُهُمَا دُخُولُ التَّنْوِينِ الَّذِي لِلتَّرَنُّمِ عَلَى الْحَرْفِ ؛ فَذَلِكَ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ تَنْوِينَ التَّرَنُّمِ لَا يَخْتَصُّ بِالِاسْمِ ؛ لِأَنَّ الشَّيْءَ إِذَا اخْتَصَّ بِشَيْءٍ لَمْ يَجِئْ مَعَ غَيْرِهِ ، وَالثَّانِي فِي تَخْفِيفِ ، كَأَنَّ ، الَّتِي لِلتَّشْبِيهِ ، وَمَجِيءُ اسْمِهَا ضَمِيرُ الشَّأْنِ ، وَالْفَصْلُ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ خَبَرِهَا بِقَدْ ، لِأَنَّ الْكَلَامَ إِثْبَاتٌ ، وَلَوْ كَانَ الْكَلَامُ نَفْيًا لَكَانَ الْفَصْلُ بِلَمْ ، كَمَا فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ( كَأَنْ لَمْ يَغْنَوْا فِيهَا ) وَمِثْلُ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ فِي الِاسْتِشْهَادِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ الشَّاعِرِ : لَا يَهُولَنَّكَ اصْطِلَاءُ لَظَى الْخَنْ ب ؛ فَمَحْذُورُهَا كَأَنْ قَدْ أَلَمَّا

This verse offers two pieces of evidence for grammarians. First, the entry of the 'tarannum' (chanting) tanwin onto a particle proves that this tanwin is not exclusive to nouns, as exclusive features do not appear elsewhere. Second, the lightening of the comparative 'ka'anna' and the use of the pronoun of state as its noun, separated from its predicate by 'qad', indicates an affirmative statement. Had the statement been negative, the separator would be 'lam', as in the Quranic verse: 'As if they had not dwelt therein'. The poet's line, 'Let not the blaze's heat frighten you; for its feared thing has indeed approached', serves as a similar citation.

وَسَيَأْتِي شَرْحُ ذَلِكَ فِي بَابِ إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا

The explanation of this will follow in the chapter on 'Inna' and its sisters.

هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِرُؤْبَةَ بْنِ الْعَجَّاجِ ، أَحَدِ الرَّجَّازِ الْمَشْهُورِينَ ، وَأَمْضَغِهِمْ لِلشِّيحِ وَالْقَيْصُومِ ، وَالَّذِي أُخِذَ عَنْهُ الْعُلَمَاءُ أَكْثَرَ غَرِيبِ اللُّغَةِ ، وَكَانَ فِي عَصْرِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ ، وَبَعْدَهُ : الْخَالِي مُشْتَبِهِ الْأَعْلَامِ لَمَّاعِ الْخَفَقْنَ

This verse is by Ru'bah ibn al-Ajjaj, a famous rajaz poet known for his mastery of desert flora. Scholars drew much of their rare linguistic knowledge from him. He lived during the Umayyad era, and the line continues: 'The empty one, of confusing landmarks, shimmering with mirage'.

اللُّغَةُ : « الْقَاتِمُ ، كَالْأَقْتَمِ : الَّذِي تَعْلُوهُ الْقَتَمَةُ ، وَهِيَ لَوْنٌ فِيهِ غُبْرَةٌ وَحُمْرَةٌ ، وَ « أَعْمَاقٌ » جَمْعُ عُمْقٍ - بِفَتْحِ الْعَيْنِ ، وَتُضَمُّ - وَهُوَ : مَا بَعُدَ مِنْ أَطْرَافِ الصَّحْرَاءِ . وَ « الْخَاوِي » ، وَ « الْمُخْتَرَقُ » ، مَهَبُّ الرِّيَاحِ ، وَهُوَ اسْمُ مَكَانٍ مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ : خَرَقَ الْمَفَازَةَ وَاخْتَرَقَهَا إِذَا قَطَعَهَا وَمَرَّ فِيهَا ، وَ « الْأَعْلَامُ » ، عَلَامَاتٌ كَانُوا يَضَعُونَهَا فِي الطَّرِيقِ لِلِاهْتِدَاءِ بِهَا ، وَاحِدُهَا عَلَمٌ بِفَتْحِ الْعَيْنِ وَاللَّامِ جَمِيعًا ، وَ « الْخَفَقُ » ، اضْطِرَابُ السَّرَابِ ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي تَرَاهُ نِصْفَ النَّهَارِ كَأَنَّهُ مَاءٌ ، وَأَصْلُهُ بِسُكُونِ الْفَاءِ ، فَحَرَّكَهَا بِالْفَتْحِ ضَرُورَةً

Language: 'Qatim', like 'aqtam', refers to a color tinged with dust and red. 'A'maq' is the plural of 'umq' (the 'ayn can take a fatha or damma), referring to the remote reaches of the desert. 'Khawi' and 'mukhtaraq' denote a wind-swept place; the latter is a noun of place derived from crossing a desert. 'A'lam' are the markers used to navigate, singular 'alam' (with fatha on both letters). 'Khafaq' is the shimmering of a mirage, seen at midday like water; the poet added a fatha to the fa' for metrical necessity.

الْمَعْنَى : كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْأَمْكِنَةِ الَّتِي لَا يُهْتَدَى أَحَدٌ إِلَى السَّيْرِ فِيهَا لِشِدَّةِ الْتِبَاسِهَا وَخَفَائِهَا قَدْ أَعْمَلْتُ فِيهَا نَاقَتِي وَسِرْتُ فِيهَا ، يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُ شُجَاعٌ شَدِيدُ الِاحْتِمَالِ ، أَوْ أَنَّهُ عَظِيمُ الْخِبْرَةِ بِمَسَالِكِ الصَّحْرَاءِ

Meaning: I have driven my she-camel through many places so confusing and obscure that no one else could find their way. He implies his own bravery and endurance, or perhaps his profound expertise in desert paths.

Vocabulary · المفردات (27 verbs · 90 nouns)

• أَثْبَتَ — to prove
• لَحِقَ — to attach
• زَالَ — to cease
• دَنَا — to approach
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• أَبْقَى — to keep
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• اخْتَصَّ — to be specific to
• جَاءَ — to come
• غَنِيَ — to dwell
• هَالَ — to terrify
• أَلَمَّ — to befall
• أَخَذَ — to take
• مَضَغَ — to chew
• عَلَا — to rise
• بَعُدَ — to be far
• خَرَقَ — to cut through
• اخْتَرَقَ — to traverse
• قَطَعَ — to cut
• مَرَّ — to pass
• وَضَعَ — to place
• رَأَى — to see
• حَرَّكَ — to move
• اهْتَدَى — to be guided
• أَعْمَلَ — to employ
• سَارَ — to walk
• أَرَادَ — to want
• تَنْوِين — nunation
• قَافِيَة — rhyme
• قَوْل — saying
• قَاتِم — dark
• عُمْق — depth
• مُتَعَلِّق — related
• رِجَال — men
• مُضَاف — genitive
• حَرْف — letter
• تَشْبِيه — simile
• نَصْب — accusative
• اسْم — noun
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• شَأْن — matter
• خَبَر — predicate
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• فِعْل — verb
• فَاعِل — subject
• شَاهِد — witness
• بَيْت — verse
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• تَرَنُّم — singing
• شَيْء — thing
• غَيْر — other
• تَخْفِيف — lightening
• فَصْل — separation
• كَلَام — speech
• إِثْبَات — affirmation
• نَفْي — negation
• اسْتِشْهَاد — citation
• شَاعِر — poet
• اصْطِلَاء — warming
• لَظًى — blaze
• خِنْب — sheath
• مَحْذُور — feared thing
• شَرْح — explanation
• بَاب — chapter
• أُخْت — sister
• رَجَّاز — rajaz poet
• مَشْهُور — famous
• شِيح — wormwood
• قَيْصُوم — southernwood
• عَالِم — scholar
• غَرِيب — rare
• لُغَة — language
• عَصْر — era
• خَالٍ — empty
• مُشْتَبِه — ambiguous
• عَلَم — signpost
• لَمَّاع — shining
• خَفَقَان — throbbing
• أَقْتَم — dark-colored
• قَتَمَة — darkness
• لَوْن — color
• غُبْرَة — dustiness
• حُمْرَة — redness
• جَمْع — plural
• طَرَف — edge
• صَحْرَاء — desert
• مَهَبّ — blowing place
• رِيح — wind
• مَكَان — place
• مَفَازَة — wilderness
• عَلَامَة — sign
• طَرِيق — path
• اهْتِدَاء — guidance
• وَاحِد — one
• اضْطِرَاب — disturbance
• سَرَاب — mirage
• نِصْف — half
• نَهَار — daytime
• مَاء — water
• أَصْل — origin
• سُكُون — quiescence
• فَاء — fa letter
• فَتْح — fatha
• ضَرُورَة — necessity
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• أَمْكِنَة — places
• سَيْر — traveling
• شِدَّة — intensity
• الْتِبَاس — confusion
• خَفَاء — hiddenness
• نَاقَة — she-camel
• شُجَاع — brave
• احْتِمَال — endurance
• عَظِيم — great
• خِبْرَة — experience
• مَسَالِك — paths