Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 19

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْكَلَامُ وَمَا يَتَأَلَّفُ مِنْهُ.

Speech and its components.

فَجِيءَ بِالتَّنْوِينِ بَدَلًا مِنَ الْأَلِفِ لِأَجْلِ التَّرَنُّمِ، وَكَقَوْلِهِ: أَزِفَ التَّرَحُّلُ غَيْرَ أَنَّ رِكَابَنَا لَمَّا تَزَلْ بِرِحَالِنَا وَكَأَنْ قَدِ.

The tanwin was used in place of the alif for melodic effect, as in the line: 'Departure has drawn near, yet our mounts have not left our baggage, as if it were already done.'

الْمُتَكَلِّمُ أَوِ الْمُخَاطَبَةُ فَاعِلُهُ.

The subject is either the first-person speaker or the second-person female addressee.

وَهَذَا اللَّفْظُ يُرْوَى بِضَمِّ التَّاءِ عَلَى أَنَّهَا الْمُتَكَلِّمُ، وَبِكَسْرِهَا عَلَى أَنَّهَا لِلْمُخَاطَبَةِ «لَقَدْ أَصَابَا»، جُمْلَةٌ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ مَقُولُ الْقَوْلِ، وَجَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ مَحْذُوفٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ مَا قَبْلَهُ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ: إِنْ أَصَبْتَ فَقُولِي لَقَدْ أَصَابَا، وَجُمْلَةُ الشَّرْطِ وَجَوَابِهِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مِنَ الْإِعْرَابِ مُعْتَرِضَةٌ بَيْنَ الْقَوْلِ وَمَقُولِهِ.

This word is transmitted with a damma on the ta' when referring to the speaker, and a kasra when addressing a female. The phrase 'laqad asaba' functions as the object of the verb 'to say.' The apodosis of the conditional is omitted, implied by the preceding context; the intended meaning is: 'If you are correct, say: he has been correct.' The conditional clause and its response have no grammatical function, as they are parenthetical between the verb and its object.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ: قَوْلُهُ: «وَالْعِتَابَنْ، وَأَصَابَنْ»، حَيْثُ دَخَلَهُمَا، فِي الْإِنْشَادِ، تَنْوِينُ التَّرَنُّمِ.

The evidence here lies in the words 'wa-l-'itabani' and 'asabani,' where the tanwin of melodic chanting was added during recitation.

وَآخِرُهُمَا حَرْفُ الْعِلَّةِ، وَهُوَ هُنَا أَلِفُ الْإِطْلَاقِ، وَالْقَافِيَةُ الَّتِي آخِرُهَا حَرْفُ عِلَّةٍ تُسَمَّى مُطْلَقَةً.

Both end in a vowel, which in this case is the alif of absolute release. A rhyme ending in a vowel is termed 'mutlaqa'.

هَذَا الْبَيْتُ لِلنَّابِغَةِ الذُّبْيَانِيِّ، أَحَدِ فُحُولِ شُعَرَاءِ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، وَثَالِثِ شُعَرَاءِ الطَّبَقَةِ الْأُولَى مِنْهُمْ، وَالْحَكَمِ فِي سُوقِ عُكَاظٍ، مِنْ قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ يَصِفُ فِيهَا الْمُتَجَرِّدَةَ زَوْجَ النُّعْمَانِ ابْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ، وَمَطْلَعُهَا: أَمِنْ آلِ مَيَّةَ رَائِحٌ أَوْ مُغْتَدِي؟ عَجْلَانَ ذَا زَادٍ وَغَيْرَ مُزَوَّدِ.

This verse is by al-Nabigha al-Dhubyani, a master poet of the Jahiliyyah, ranked third among the first tier of poets, and a judge at the Ukaz market. It comes from a poem describing al-Mutajarrida, wife of al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir, which begins: 'Is there one departing or arriving early from Mayya's family? Hurrying, whether with provisions or without.'

اللُّغَةُ: «رَائِحٌ»، اسْمُ فَاعِلٍ مِنْ رَاحَ يَرُوحُ رَوَاحًا، إِذَا سَارَ فِي وَقْتِ الْعَشِيِّ.

Language: 'Ra'ih' (departing) is an active participle derived from 'raha, yaruhu, rawahan,' referring to travel during the evening.

«مُغْتَدِي»، اسْمُ فَاعِلٍ مِنَ اغْتَدَى الرَّجُلُ يَغْتَدِي، إِذَا سَارَ فِي وَقْتِ الْغَدَاةِ، وَهِيَ مِنَ الصُّبْحِ إِلَى طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ، وَأَرَادَ بِالزَّادِ فِي قَوْلِهِ «عَجْلَانَ ذَا زَادٍ»، مَا كَانَ مِنْ تَسْلِيمِ مَيَّةَ عَلَيْهِ أَوْ رَدِّهَا تَحِيَّتَهُ.

'Mughtadi' (arriving early) is an active participle from 'ightada,' referring to travel in the early morning, from dawn until sunrise. By 'provisions' in the phrase 'hurrying, with provisions,' he refers to Mayya greeting him or returning his greeting.

أَزِفَ، دَنَا وَقَرُبَ، وَبَابُهُ طَرِبَ، وَيُرْوَى «أَفَدَ» وَهُوَ بِوَزْنِهِ وَمَعْنَاهُ.

'Azifa' means to draw near or approach; it follows the 'tariba' conjugation pattern. It is also transmitted as 'afada,' which shares the same weight and meaning.

«التَّرَحُّلُ»، الِارْتِحَالُ.

'Al-tarahhul' means departure.

«تَزَلْ»، مَضْمُومُ الزَّايِ، مُضَارِعُ زَالَ، وَأَصْلُهُ تَزُولُ، فَحُذِفَتِ الْوَاوُ عِنْدَ الْجَزْمِ لِلتَّخَلُّصِ مِنَ الْتِقَاءِ السَّاكِنَيْنِ.

'Tazal' features a damma on the za'. It is the imperfect form of 'zala,' originally 'tazulu.' The waw was dropped in the jussive mood to avoid two consecutive quiescent letters.

الْمَعْنَى: يَقُولُ فِي الْبَيْتِ الَّذِي هُوَ الْمَطْلَعُ: أَتَمْضِي أَيُّهَا الْعَاشِقُ مُفَارِقًا أَحْبَابَكَ الْيَوْمَ مَعَ الْعَشِيِّ أَوْ غَدًا مَعَ الْغَدَاةِ؟ وَهَلْ يَكُونُ ذَلِكَ مِنْكَ وَأَنْتَ عَجْلَانُ، تَزَوَّدْتَ مِنْهُمْ أَوْ لَمْ تَزَوَّدْ، ثُمَّ يَقُولُ فِي الْبَيْتِ الشَّاهِدِ: لَقَدْ قَرُبَ مَوْعِدُ الرَّحِيلِ، إِلَّا أَنَّ الرِّكَابَ لَمْ تُغَادِرْ مَكَانَ أَحْبَابِنَا بِمَا عَلَيْهَا مِنَ الرِّحَالِ، وَكَأَنَّهَا قَدْ زَالَتْ لِقُرْبِ مَوْعِدِ الْفِرَاقِ.

Meaning: In the opening verse, he asks, 'Are you leaving, O lover, to part from your loved ones this evening or tomorrow morning? Do you do so in haste, whether you have taken provisions from them or not?' In the witness verse, he says: 'The time of departure has drawn near, yet our mounts remain at our loved ones' quarters, laden with baggage, though it feels as if they have already departed due to the impending separation.'

الْإِعْرَابُ: «أَزِفَ»، فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ.

Grammatical analysis: 'Azifa' is a past tense verb.

«التَّرَحُّلُ»، فَاعِلٌ.

'Al-tarahhul' is the subject.

«غَيْرَ»، نَصْبٌ عَلَى الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ.

'Ghayra' is in the accusative case as an exception.

«أَنَّ»، حَرْفُ تَوْكِيدٍ وَنَصْبٍ.

'Anna' is a particle of emphasis and accusative.

«رِكَابَنَا»، رِكَابٌ: اسْمُ أَنَّ، وَالضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ.

'Rikabana': 'Rikab' is the noun of 'anna,' and the attached pronoun is in the genitive case as a possessive.

«لَمَّا»، حَرْفُ نَفْيٍ وَجَزْمٍ.

'Lamma' is a particle of negation and jussive.

«تَزَلْ»، فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ مَجْزُومٌ بِلَمَّا.

'Tazal' is an imperfect verb in the jussive mood governed by 'lamma'.

«بِرِحَالِنَا»، بِرِحَالٍ: جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ.

'Birihalina': 'Birihal' is a preposition and its object.

Vocabulary · المفردات (19 verbs · 92 nouns)

• تَأَلَّفَ — to be composed
• جَاءَ — to come
• أَزِفَ — to approach
• زَالَ — to cease
• رَوَى — to narrate
• أَصَابَ — to hit
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• سَمَّى — to name
• وَصَفَ — to describe
• رَاحَ — to go
• سَارَ — to walk
• اغْتَدَى — to go early
• أَرَادَ — to want
• دَنَا — to draw near
• قَرُبَ — to be near
• طَرِبَ — to be joyful
• تَزَوَّدَ — to provide
• غَادَرَ — to leave
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• تَنْوِينٌ — nunation
• بَدَلٌ — substitute
• أَلِفٌ — alif
• تَرَنُّمٌ — singing
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• تَرَحُّلٌ — departure
• غَيْرٌ — other
• رِكَابٌ — mount
• رِحَالٌ — saddles
• مُتَكَلِّمٌ — speaker
• مُخَاطَبَةٌ — addressee (female)
• فَاعِلٌ — doer
• لَفْظٌ — word
• ضَمٌّ — damma
• تَاءٌ — ta
• كَسْرٌ — kasra
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• مَقُولٌ — spoken
• جَوَابٌ — answer
• شَرْطٌ — condition
• مَحْذُوفٌ — omitted
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• إِعْرَابٌ — parsing
• مُعْتَرِضٌ — intervening
• شَاهِدٌ — evidence
• إِنْشَادٌ — recitation
• آخِرٌ — end
• حَرْفٌ — letter
• عِلَّةٌ — defect
• إِطْلَاقٌ — release
• قَافِيَةٌ — rhyme
• مُطْلَقٌ — absolute
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• فَحْلٌ — master
• شَاعِرٌ — poet
• جَاهِلِيَّةٌ — pre-Islamic era
• طَبَقَةٌ — class
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• حَكَمٌ — judge
• سُوقٌ — market
• قَصِيدَةٌ — poem
• مَطْلَعٌ — opening
• آلٌ — family
• رَائِحٌ — one who goes in the evening
• مُغْتَدِي — one who goes in the morning
• عَجْلَانُ — hasty
• زَادٌ — provision
• مُزَوَّدٌ — provided
• لُغَةٌ — language
• اسْمٌ — noun
• رَوَاحٌ — evening departure
• وَقْتٌ — time
• عَشِيٌّ — evening
• غَدَاةٌ — morning
• صُبْحٌ — morning
• طُلُوعٌ — rising
• شَمْسٌ — sun
• تَسْلِيمٌ — greeting
• رَدٌّ — reply
• تَحِيَّةٌ — salutation
• بَابٌ — chapter
• وَزْنٌ — measure
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• ارْتِحَالٌ — departure
• مَضْمُومٌ — with damma
• زَايٌ — zay
• أَصْلٌ — origin
• جَزْمٌ — jussive
• تَخَلُّصٌ — avoidance
• الْتِقَاءٌ — meeting
• سَاكِنٌ — quiescent
• عَاشِقٌ — lover
• مُفَارِقٌ — departing
• أَحْبَابٌ — loved ones
• يَوْمٌ — day
• غَدٌ — tomorrow
• مَوْعِدٌ — appointment
• رَحِيلٌ — departure
• مَكَانٌ — place
• فِرَاقٌ — separation
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• مَاضٍ — past
• تَوْكِيدٌ — emphasis
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• مُتَّصِلٌ — attached
• مُضَافٌ — genitive
• نَفْيٌ — negation
• مُضَارِعٌ — present
• مَجْرُورٌ — genitive