Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 18

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَقِسْمٌ يَكُونُ عِوَضاً عَنْ حَرْفٍ ، وَهُوَ اللَّاحِقُ لِـ « جَوَارٍ ، وَغَوَاشٍ » وَنَحْوِهَا رَفْعاً وَجَرّاً ، نَحْوُ : « هَؤُلَاءِ جَوَارٍ ، وَمَرَرْتُ بِجَوَارٍ » فَحُذِفَتِ الْيَاءُ وَأُتِيَ بِالتَّنْوِينِ عِوَضاً عَنْهَا

A second type acts as a substitute for a letter. This occurs in words like jawarin and ghawashin in the nominative and genitive cases. For example, in the phrases 'These are female slaves (jawarin)' and 'I passed by female slaves (jawarin),' the ya is dropped and replaced by a tanwin.

وَتَنْوِينُ التَّرَنُّمِ ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَلْحَقُ الْقَوَافِيَ الْمُطْلَقَةَ بِحَرْفِ عِلَّةٍ ، كَقَوْلِهِ : أَقِلِّي اللَّوْمَ - عَاذِلَ - وَالْعِتَابَنْ ، وَقُولِي - إِنْ أَصَبْتُ - : لَقَدْ أَصَابَنْ

The tanwin of melody (tarannum) attaches to rhymes ending in a long vowel. An example is the verse: 'Cease your blame, O censurer, and your reproach (al-itabann),' and the response: 'If I have hit the mark, then he has indeed hit the mark (asabann).'

كُلُّ فِي هَذَا الْمَوْضُوعِ كَلِمَةُ بَعْضٍ وَمِنْ شَوَاهِدِ حَذْفِ الْمُفْرَدِ الَّذِي مِنْ حَقِّ « بَعْضٍ » أَنْ يُضَافَ إِلَيْهِ وَالْإِتْيَانُ بِالتَّنْوِينِ عِوَضاً عَنْهُ قَوْلُ رُؤْبَةَ بْنِ الْعَجَّاجِ فِي مَطْلَعِ أُرْجُوزَةٍ طَوِيلَةٍ يَمْدَحُ فِيهَا تَمِيماً : دَايَنْتُ أَرْوَى وَالدُّيُونُ تُقْضَى ، فَمَطَلَتْ بَعْضاً وَأَدَّتْ بَعْضَا

Also relevant to this topic is the word ba'd (some). A witness to the omission of the singular noun that should follow ba'd, replaced instead by a tanwin, is the opening of a long poem by Ru'bah ibn al-Ajjaj praising the Tamim tribe: 'I lent Arwa while debts are paid, so she delayed some (ba'dan) and paid some (ba'da).'

يُرِيدُ : فَمَطَلَتْ بَعْضَ الدَّيْنِ وَأَدَّتْ بَعْضَهُ الْآخَرَ

He means: She delayed part of the debt and paid the rest.

هَذَا بَيْتٌ مِنَ الطَّوِيلِ ، لِجَرِيرٍ بْنِ عَطِيَّةَ بْنِ الْخَطَفَى ، أَحَدِ الشُّعَرَاءِ الْمُجِيدِينَ ، وَثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ أُلْقِيَتْ إِلَيْهِمْ مَقَادَةُ الشُّعَرَاءِ فِي عَصْرِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ ، وَأَوَّلُهُمْ الْفَرَزْدَقُ ، وَثَانِيهِمُ الْأَخْطَلُ

This is a verse in the Tawil meter by Jarir ibn Atiyah ibn al-Khatfa. He was an accomplished poet and one of the three great masters of the Umayyad era, alongside al-Farazdaq and al-Akhtal.

اللُّغَةُ : « أَقِلِّي » ، أَرَادَ مِنْهُ فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ مَعْنَى اتْرُكِي ، وَالْعَرَبُ تَسْتَعْمِلُ الْقِلَّةَ فِي مَعْنَى النَّفْيِ بَتَّةً ، يَقُولُونَ : قَلَّ أَنْ يَفْعَلَ فُلَانٌ كَذَا ، وَهُمْ يُرِيدُونَ أَنَّهُ لَا يَفْعَلُهُ أَصْلاً

Language: In this verse, aqilli means 'leave off.' The Arabs use the concept of 'fewness' to imply absolute negation. For instance, when they say, 'It is rare for so-and-so to do such-and-such,' they mean he never does it at all.

اللَّوْمُ » ، الْعَذْلُ وَالتَّعْنِيفُ

Al-lawm means censure and reproach.

عَاذِلُ » ، اسْمُ فَاعِلٍ مُؤَنَّثٌ بِالتَّاءِ الْمَحْذُوفَةِ لِلتَّرْخِيمِ ، وَأَصْلُهُ عَاذِلَةٌ ، مِنَ الْعَذْلِ وَهُوَ اللَّوْمُ فِي تَسَخُّطٍ ، وَ « الْعِتَابُ » ، التَّقْرِيعُ عَلَى فِعْلِ شَيْءٍ أَوْ تَرْكِهِ

Adhilu is a feminine active participle with the ta dropped for poetic shortening (tarhim). Its original form is adhilah, derived from al-adhl, which is blame expressed with displeasure. Al-itab means reprimanding someone for an action or an omission.

الْمَعْنَى : اتْرُكِي أَيَّتُهَا الْعَاذِلَةُ هَذَا اللَّوْمَ وَالتَّعْنِيفَ ؛ فَإِنِّي لَنْ أَسْتَمِعَ لِمَا تَطْلُبِينَ : مِنَ الْكَفِّ عَمَّا آتِي مِنَ الْأُمُورِ ، وَالْفِعْلِ لِمَا أَذَرُ مِنْهَا ، وَخَيْرٌ لَكِ أَنْ تَعْتَرِفِي بِصَوَابِ مَا أَفْعَلُ

The meaning: Leave off this blame and reproach, O censurer. I will not listen to your demands that I stop what I am doing or start what I have left undone. It would be better for you to acknowledge that I am right.

الْإِعْرَابُ : « أَقِلِّي » ، فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ - مِنَ الْإِقْلَالِ - مُسْنَدٌ لِلْيَاءِ الَّتِي لِمُخَاطَبَةِ الْوَاحِدَةِ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى حَذْفِ النُّونِ ، وَيَاءُ الْمُؤَنَّثَةِ الْمُخَاطَبَةِ فَاعِلٌ ، مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ

Parsing: Aqilli is an imperative verb derived from al-iqlal, addressed to a single female. It is based on the omission of the nun, and the feminine ya is the subject, standing in the nominative position.

اللَّوْمَ » مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِأَقِلِّي

Al-lawma is the direct object of aqilli.

عَاذِلُ » ، مُنَادًى مُرَخَّمٌ حُذِفَتْ مِنْهُ يَاءُ النِّدَاءِ ، مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى ضَمِّ الْحَرْفِ الْمَحْذُوفِ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ ، وَأَصْلُهُ يَا عَاذِلَةُ

Adhilu is a shortened vocative with the particle of address omitted. It is built on the damma of the deleted letter and stands in the accusative position; its original form is ya adhilatu.

وَ « الْعِتَابَا » ، الْوَاوُ عَاطِفَةٌ ، الْعِتَابَا : مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى اللَّوْمِ

As for al-itab, the waw is a conjunction, and the word is conjoined to al-lawm.

وَقُولِي » فِعْلُ أَمْرٍ ، وَالْيَاءُ فَاعِلُهُ

Wa-quli is an imperative verb, and the ya is its subject.

إِنْ » ، حَرْفُ شَرْطٍ

In is a conditional particle.

أَصَبْتُ » ، فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ فِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ

Asabtu is a past-tense verb serving as the condition of the sentence.

Vocabulary · المفردات (21 verbs · 76 nouns)

• كَانَ — to be
• لَحِقَ — to follow
• مَرَّ — to pass
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• أَتَى — to come
• أَقَلَّ — to cease
• قَالَ — to say
• أَصَابَ — to hit
• أَضَافَ — to add
• مَدَحَ — to praise
• دَايَنَ — to lend
• قَضَى — to fulfill
• مَطَلَ — to delay
• أَدَّى — to perform
• أَرَادَ — to want
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• فَعَلَ — to do
• اسْتَمَعَ — to listen
• طَلَبَ — to request
• أَلْقَى — to throw
• قِسْمٌ — part
• عِوَضٌ — compensation
• حَرْفٌ — letter
• لَاحِقٌ — follower
• جَارِيَةٌ — slave girl
• غَاشِيَةٌ — covering
• نَحْوٌ — direction
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• تَنْوِينٌ — nunation
• تَرَنُّمٌ — singing
• قَافِيَةٌ — rhyme
• عِلَّةٌ — cause
• لَوْمٌ — blame
• عَاذِلٌ — blamer
• عِتَابٌ — reproach
• مَوْضُوعٌ — topic
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• بَعْضٌ — some
• شَاهِدٌ — witness
• حَذْفٌ — deletion
• مُفْرَدٌ — singular
• حَقٌّ — right
• إِتْيَانٌ — bringing
• مَطْلَعٌ — beginning
• أُرْجُوزَةٌ — poem
• طَوِيلٌ — long
• دَيْنٌ — debt
• آخَرُ — other
• بَيْتٌ — house
• شَاعِرٌ — poet
• مَجِيدٌ — glorious
• ثَالِثٌ — third
• ثَلَاثَةٌ — three
• مَقَادَةٌ — leadership
• عَصْرٌ — era
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• ثَانٍ — second
• لُغَةٌ — language
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• قِلَّةٌ — scarcity
• نَفْيٌ — negation
• بَتَّةٌ — definitely
• عَذْلٌ — blame
• تَعْنِيفٌ — reproach
• اسْمٌ — noun
• فَاعِلٌ — doer
• مُؤَنَّثٌ — feminine
• تَاءٌ — ta letter
• مَحْذُوفٌ — deleted
• تَرْخِيمٌ — elision
• أَصْلٌ — origin
• تَسَخُّطٌ — displeasure
• تَقْرِيعٌ — scolding
• شَيْءٌ — thing
• عَاذِلَةٌ — female blamer
• كَفٌّ — abstinence
• أَمْرٌ — matter
• إِقْلَالٌ — ceasing
• مُسْنَدٌ — attributed
• مُخَاطَبَةٌ — addressing
• وَاحِدَةٌ — one
• مَبْنِيٌّ — built
• نُونٌ — letter 'nun'
• مُؤَنَّثَةٌ — feminine
• سُكُونٌ — quiescence
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• مَفْعُولٌ — object
• مُنَادًى — vocative
• مُرَخَّمٌ — elided
• نِدَاءٌ — call
• ضَمٌّ — damma
• نَصْبٌ — accusative
• عَاطِفَةٌ — conjunction
• مَعْطُوفٌ — conjoined
• شَرْطٌ — condition