Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْكَلَامُ وَمَا يَتَأَلَّفُ مِنْهُ

Speech and its components.

فَمِنْهَا الْجَرُّ ، وَهُوَ يَشْمَلُ الْجَرَّ بِالْحَرْفِ وَالْإِضَافَةِ وَالتَّبَعِيَّةِ ، نَحْوَ « مَرَرْتُ بِغُلَامِ زَيْدٍ الْفَاضِلِ

One of these is the genitive case, which encompasses the genitive via a particle, via annexation (idafa), and via following (taba'iyya), as in the example: 'I passed by Zayd's excellent servant'.

فَالْغُلَامُ : مَجْرُورٌ بِالْحَرْفِ ، وَزَيْدٌ : مَجْرُورٌ بِالْإِضَافَةِ ، وَالْفَاضِلُ : مَجْرُورٌ بِالتَّبَعِيَّةِ ، وَهُوَ « أَسْمَلُ مِنْ قَوْلِ غَيْرِهِ ) بِحَرْفِ الْجَرِّ » ؛ لِأَنَّ هَذَا لَا يَتَنَاوَلُ الْجَرَّ عَطْفاً بِالْإِضَافَةِ ، وَلَا الْجَرَّ بِالتَّبَعِيَّةِ ، وَيَكُونُ نَعْتاً وَصَفْ وَالتَّوْكِيدُ وَالْبَدَلُ

Here, 'al-ghulam' is genitive due to the particle, 'Zayd' is genitive due to annexation, and 'al-fadil' is genitive due to following. This is more comprehensive than saying 'by the genitive particle,' as that definition fails to cover genitive cases involving annexation or following, which include adjectives, emphatic expressions, and substitutes.

وَمِنْهُمَا التَّنْوِينُ، وَهُوَ (١) عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَقْسَامٍ : (١) تَنْوِينُ التَّمْكِينِ ، وَهُوَ اللَّاحِقُ لِلْأَسْمَاءِ الْمُعْرَبَةِ ، كَزَيْدٍ ، وَرَجُلٍ ، إِلَّا جَمْعَ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ ، نَحْوَ « مُسْلِمَاتٍ » وَإِلَّا نَحْوَ جَوَارٍ ، وَغَوَاشٍ » وَسَيَأْتِي حُكْمُهُمَا

Another is nunation (tanwin), which consists of four types. First is the nunation of empowerment, which attaches to declinable nouns like 'Zayd' or 'man,' excluding the sound feminine plural, such as 'muslimat,' and nouns like 'jawarin' and 'ghawashin,' whose rules will be discussed later.

وَتَنْوِينُ التَّنْكِيرِ ، وَهُوَ اللَّاحِقُ لِلْأَسْمَاءِ الْمَبْنِيَّةِ فَرْقاً بَيْنَ مَعْرِفَتِهَا وَنَكِرَتِهَا ، نَحْوَ : « مَرَرْتُ بِسِيبَوَيْهِ وَبِسِيبَوَيْهِ آخَرَ

Second is the nunation of indefiniteness, which attaches to indeclinable nouns to distinguish between their definite and indefinite states, as in: 'I passed by Sibawayh and by another Sibawayh'.

وَتَنْوِينُ الْمُقَابَلَةِ، وَهُوَ اللَّاحِقُ لِجَمْعِ الْمُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمِ ، نَحْوَ : « مُسْلِمَاتٍ » فَإِنَّهُ فِي مُقَابَلَةِ النُّونِ فِي جَمْعِ الْمُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ كَمُسْلِمِينَ

Third is the nunation of correspondence, which attaches to the sound feminine plural, such as 'muslimat,' as it corresponds to the 'nun' found in the sound masculine plural, like 'muslimin'.

وَتَنْوِينُ الْعِوَضِ ، وَهُوَ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ عِوَضٌ عَنْ جُمْلَةٍ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَلْحَقُ « إِذْ » عِوَضاً عَنْ جُمْلَةٍ تَكُونُ بَعْدَهَا ، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ( وَأَنْتُمْ حِينَئِذٍ تَنظُرُونَ ) أَيْ : حِينَ إِذْ بَلَغَتِ الرُّوحُ الْحُلْقُومَ ؛ فَحَذَفَ « بَلَغَتِ الرُّوحُ الْحُلْقُومَ » وَأَتَى بِالتَّنْوِينِ عِوَضاً عَنْهُ

Fourth is the nunation of compensation, which has three types. The first compensates for a sentence, attaching to 'idh' to replace a following clause, as in the Almighty's words: '...while you are looking on,' meaning: at the time when the soul reached the throat. The clause 'the soul reached the throat' was omitted and replaced by the nunation.

وَقِسْمٌ يَكُونُ عِوَضاً عَنْ اسْمٍ ، وَهُوَ اللَّاحِقُ لِـ « كُلٍّ » عِوَضاً عَمَّا تُضَافُ إِلَيْهِ ، نَحْوَ : « كُلٌّ قَائِمٌ » أَيْ كُلُّ إِنْسَانٍ قَائِمٌ » فَحَذَفَ « إِنْسَانٍ » وَأَتَى بِالتَّنْوِينِ عِوَضاً عَنْهُ

The second type compensates for a noun, attaching to 'kull' to replace what it would otherwise be annexed to, as in 'kullun qa'im,' meaning 'every human is standing.' Here, 'human' was omitted and replaced by the nunation.

وَاحِدٌ مِنْ اثْنَيْنِ حَصَلَ فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازاً تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى تَمْيِيزٍ ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ نَعْتٌ لِتَمْيِيزٍ ، وَتَقْدِيرُ الْبَيْتِ : التَّمْيِيزُ الْحَاصِلُ بِالْجَرِّ وَالتَّنْوِينِ وَالنِّدَا وَأَلْ وَالْإِسْنَادِ كَائِنٌ لِلِاسْمِ ، أَوْ التَّمْيِيزُ الْحَاصِلُ لِلِاسْمِ عَنْ أَخَوَيْهِ الْفِعْلِ وَالْحَرْفِ كَائِنٌ بِالْجَرِّ وَالتَّنْوِينِ وَالنِّدَاءِ وَأَلْ وَالْإِسْنَادِ : أَيْ كَائِنٌ بِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْخَمْسَةِ

The phrase 'One of two occurred' contains a past verb with an implicitly permitted subject pronoun referring back to 'distinction.' This sentence functions as an adjective for 'distinction.' The verse means that the distinction achieved through the genitive, nunation, calling, 'al,' and predication belongs to the noun, or that the distinction of the noun from its two siblings—the verb and the particle—is achieved through these five markers, meaning any one of them.

فِي نُسْخَةٍ « وَهُوَ أَقْسَامٌ، بِدُونِ ذِكْرِ الْعَدَدِ ، وَالْمُرَادُ ـ عَلَى ذِكْرِ الْعَدَدِ ـ أَنَّ الْمُخْتَصَّ بِالِاسْمِ أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْسَامٍ

In one manuscript, it reads 'and it is types' without specifying a number. The intention behind mentioning the number is that there are four types specific to the noun.

وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى : ( قُلْ كُلٌّ يَعْمَلُ عَلَى شَاكِلَتِهِ ) وَقَوْلُهُ جَلَّ شَأْنُهُ : ( كُلٌّ لَهُ قَانِتُونَ ) وَقَوْلُهُ تَبَارَكَتْ كَلِمَاتُهُ : ( كُلًّا نُمِدُّ هَؤُلَاءِ وَهَؤُلَاءِ مِنْ عَطَاءِ رَبِّكَ ) ، وَمِثْلُ = ( ٢ - شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ

Examples include the Almighty's words: 'Say, everyone acts according to his own way,' His saying, 'All are obedient to Him,' and His words: 'To all We extend, these and those, from the gift of your Lord,' and similar instances. (2 - Sharh Ibn Aqil 1)

Vocabulary · المفردات (18 verbs · 67 nouns)

• تَأَلَّفَ — to be composed
• شَمِلَ — to include
• مَرَّ — to pass
• تَنَاوَلَ — to encompass
• كَانَ — to be
• لَحِقَ — to follow
• نَظَرَ — to look
• بَلَغَ — to reach
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• أَتَى — to come
• أَضَافَ — to add
• حَصَلَ — to occur
• عَادَ — to return
• قَالَ — to say
• عَمِلَ — to work
• جَلَّ — to be majestic
• تَبَارَكَ — to be blessed
• مَدَّ — to provide
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• حَرْفٌ — particle
• إِضَافَةٌ — genitive construction
• تَبَعِيَّةٌ — dependency
• غُلَامٌ — boy
• فَاضِلٌ — virtuous man
• مَجْرُورٌ — genitive
• عَطْفٌ — conjunction
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• غَيْرٌ — other
• نَعْتٌ — adjective
• تَوْكِيدٌ — emphasis
• بَدَلٌ — substitution
• تَنْوِينٌ — nunation
• قِسْمٌ — part
• تَمْكِينٌ — empowerment
• لَاحِقٌ — follower
• اسْمٌ — noun
• مُعْرَبٌ — inflected noun
• رَجُلٌ — man
• جَمْعٌ — plural
• مُؤَنَّثٌ — feminine
• سَالِمٌ — sound
• مُسْلِمٌ — Muslim
• جَارِيَةٌ — slave girl
• غَاشِيَةٌ — covering
• حُكْمٌ — ruling
• تَنْكِيرٌ — indefiniteness
• مَبْنِيٌّ — indeclinable noun
• فَرْقٌ — difference
• مَعْرِفَةٌ — definiteness
• نَكِرَةٌ — indefinite
• مُقَابَلَةٌ — correspondence
• مُذَكَّرٌ — masculine
• عِوَضٌ — compensation
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• بَعْدٌ — after
• رُوحٌ — soul
• حُلْقُومٌ — throat
• قَائِمٌ — standing man
• إِنْسَانٌ — human
• وَاحِدٌ — one
• اثْنَانِ — two
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• مَاضٍ — past
• فَاعِلٌ — doer
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• مُسْتَتِرٌ — hidden
• جَوَازٌ — permissibility
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• تَمْيِيزٌ — distinction
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• رَفْعٌ — nominative case
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• حَاصِلٌ — resulting
• نِدَاءٌ — vocative
• إِسْنَادٌ — predication
• كَائِنٌ — existing
• أَخٌ — brother
• خَمْسَةٌ — five
• شَاكِلَةٌ — nature
• شَأْنٌ — matter
• قَانِتٌ — devout
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• عَطَاءٌ — gift
• رَبٌّ — Lord