Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 16

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ : الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ

Sharh Ibn Aqil: Volume One.

وَالْكَلِمَةُ : هِيَ اللَّفْظُ الْمَوْضُوعُ لِمَعْنًى مُفْرَدٍ ؛ فَقَوْلُنَا « الْمَوْضُوعُ لِمَعْنًى » أَخْرَجَ الْمُهْمَلَ كَدِيزٍ ، وَقَوْلُنَا « مُفْرَدٌ » أَخْرَجَ الْكَلَامَ ؛ فَإِنَّهُ مَوْضُوعٌ لِمَعْنًى غَيْرِ مُفْرَدٍ

A word (kalimah) is an utterance coined to convey a single meaning. By saying 'coined to convey a meaning,' we exclude nonsensical sounds like 'diz,' and by saying 'single,' we exclude speech (kalam), as it is coined to convey a complex meaning.

ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْمُصَنِّفُ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ! - أَنَّ الْقَوْلَ يَعُمُّ الْجَمِيعَ ، وَالْمُرَادُ أَنَّهُ يَقَعُ عَلَى الْكَلَامِ أَنَّهُ قَوْلٌ ، وَيَقَعُ أَيْضًا عَلَى الْكَلِمِ وَالْكَلِمَةِ أَنَّهُ قَوْلٌ ، وَزَعَمَ بَعْضُهُمْ أَنَّ الْأَصْلَ اسْتِعْمَالُهُ فِي الْمُفْرَدِ

The author—may God Almighty have mercy on him—notes that the term 'utterance' (qawl) is a general one. It applies to speech (kalam), as well as to a collective of words (kalim) and a single word (kalimah). Some, however, argue that its primary application is to the singular.

ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْمُصَنِّفُ أَنَّ الْكَلِمَةَ قَدْ يُقْصَدُ بِهَا الْكَلَامُ ، كَقَوْلِهِمْ فِي «لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا الله»: نَفْيًا لِابْنِ تَيْمِيَةَ كَلِمَةُ الْإِخْلَاصِ

The author further notes that the term 'word' (kalimah) may sometimes refer to speech (kalam), as when they call the declaration 'There is no god but God' the 'word of sincerity'.

وَقَدْ يَجْتَمِعُ الْكَلَامُ وَالْكَلِمُ فِي الصِّدْقِ ، وَقَدْ يَنْفَرِدُ أَحَدُهُمَا

Speech (kalam) and a collective of words (kalim) may overlap, or one may occur independently of the other.

فَمِثَالُ اجْتِمَاعِهِمَا « قَدْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ » فَإِنَّهُ كَلَامٌ ؛ لِإِفَادَتِهِ مَعْنًى يَحْسُنُ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهِ ، وَكَلِمٌ ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُرَكَّبٌ مِنْ ثَلَاثِ كَلِمَاتٍ

An example of their overlap is 'Qad qama Zayd' (Zayd has stood). It is speech because it conveys a complete meaning, and it is a collective of words because it consists of three words.

وَمِثَالُ انْفِرَادِ الْكَلِمِ « إِنْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ

An example of a collective of words occurring independently is 'In qama Zayd' (If Zayd stands) (1).

وَمِثَالُ انْفِرَادِ الْكَلَامِ « زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ

An example of speech occurring independently is 'Zaydun qa'imun' (Zayd is standing) (2).

بِالْجَرِّ ، وَالتَّنْوِينِ ، وَالنِّدَا ، وَأَلْ وَمُسْنَدٍ - لِلِاسْمِ تَمْيِيزٌ حَصَلَ

By the genitive (jarr), tanwin, vocative (nida), the definite article 'al-', and predication (isnad), the noun is distinguished (3).

ذَكَرَ الْمُصَنِّفُ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ! - فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ عَلَامَاتِ الِاسْمِ.

In this verse, the author—may God Almighty have mercy on him—outlines the signs of the noun.

لَمْ يَكُنْ هَذَا الْمِثَالُ وَنَحْوُهُ كَلَامًا لِأَنَّهُ لَا يُفِيدُ مَعْنًى يَحْسُنُ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهِ

(1) This example and its like do not constitute speech because they do not convey a complete meaning.

لَمْ يَكُنْ هَذَا الْمِثَالُ وَنَحْوُهُ كَلِمًا لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مُؤَلَّفًا مِنْ ثَلَاثِ كَلِمَاتٍ

(2) This example and its like do not constitute a collective of words because they are not composed of three words.

بِالْجَرِّ ، جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِقَوْلِهِ ( حَصَلَ ) ، الْآتِي آخِرَ الْبَيْتِ ، وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ مُتَعَلِّقًا بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرٍ مُقَدَّمٍ مُبْتَدَؤُهُ الْمُؤَخَّرُ هُوَ قَوْلُهُ «تَمْيِيزٌ» الْآتِي ، وَالتَّنْوِينُ ، وَالنِّدَا ، وَأَلْ . وَمُسْنَدٍ ، كُلُّهُنَّ مَعْطُوفَاتٌ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ الْجَرِّ لِلِاسْمِ » جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرٍ مُقَدَّمٍ إِنْ جَعَلْتَ قَوْلَهُ بِالْجَرِّ مُتَعَلِّقًا بِحَصَلَ ، فَإِنْ جَعَلْتَ بِالْجَرِّ خَبَرًا مُقَدَّمًا - وَهُوَ الْوَجْهُ الثَّانِي - كَانَ هَذَا الْجَارُّ وَالْمَجْرُورُ مُتَعَلِّقًا بِحَصَلَ « تَمْيِيزٌ » مُبْتَدَأٌ مُؤَخَّرٌ ، وَقَدْ عَرَفْتَ أَنَّ خَبَرَهُ

The speech and what it is composed of. ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 31 nouns)

• وَضَعَ — to coin/assign
• أَخْرَجَ — to exclude
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• رَحِمَ — to have mercy
• عَمَّ — to encompass
• وَقَعَ — to apply/be used
• زَعَمَ — to claim
• قَصَدَ — to intend
• اِجْتَمَعَ — to gather
• اِنْفَرَدَ — to be unique
• قَامَ — to stand
• حَسُنَ — to be good
• رَكَّبَ — to compose
• حَصَلَ — to occur
• كَلِمَة — word
• لَفْظ — utterance
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• مُفْرَد — singular
• قَوْل — speech
• مُهْمَل — neglected
• دِيز — diz
• كَلَام — speech
• مُصَنِّف — author
• رَحْمَة — mercy
• جَمِيع — all
• مُرَاد — intended meaning
• كَلِم — collective word
• أَصْل — origin
• اسْتِعْمَال — usage
• إِخْلَاص — sincerity
• صِدْق — truth
• مِثَال — an example
• اجْتِمَاع — gathering
• سُكُوت — silence
• مُرَكَّب — compound
• ثَلَاث — three
• قَائِم — standing
• جَرّ — genitive case
• تَنْوِين — nunation
• نِدَاء — vocative
• مُسْنَد — predicated
• اسْم — noun
• تَمْيِيز — distinction
• بَيْت — verse
• عَلَامَة — sign