Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 13

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْكَلَامُ وَمَا يَتَأَلَّفُ مِنْهُ.

Speech and its components.

كَلَامُنَا لَفْظٌ مُفِيدٌ كَاسْتَقِمْ، وَاسْمٌ، وَفِعْلٌ، ثُمَّ حَرْفٌ الْكَلِمُ.

Our speech is a meaningful utterance, such as 'istaqim' (stand straight), while 'kalim' refers to the noun, the verb, and the particle.

وَاحِدُهُ كَلِمَةٌ، وَالْقَوْلُ عَمَّ، وَكِلْمَةٌ بِهَا كَلَامٌ قَدْ يُؤَمُّ.

The singular is 'kalimah' (word). 'Al-qawl' (the saying) is more general, and a single word may sometimes be intended as speech.

الْكَلَامُ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ مَحْذُوفٌ عَلَى تَقْدِيرِ مُضَافَيْنِ، وَأَصْلُ نَظْمِ الْكَلَامِ هَذَا بَابُ شَرْحِ الْكَلَامِ وَشَرْحُ مَا يَتَأَلَّفُ الْكَلَامُ مِنْهُ، فَحُذِفَ الْمُبْتَدَأُ وَهُوَ اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ، ثُمَّ حُذِفَ الْخَبَرُ وَهُوَ الْبَابُ، فَأُقِيمَ شَرْحٌ مَقَامَهُ، فَارْتَفَعَ ارْتِفَاعَهُ، ثُمَّ حُذِفَ شَرْحٌ أَيْضًا وَأُقِيمَ الْكَلَامُ مَقَامَهُ، فَارْتَفَعَ كَمَا كَانَ الَّذِي قَبْلَهُ، وَمَا، الْوَاوُ عَاطِفَةٌ، وَمَا اسْمٌ مَوْصُولٌ مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى الْكَلَامِ بِتَقْدِيرِ مُضَافٍ أَيْ شَرْحُ مَا يَتَأَلَّفُ، وَيَتَأَلَّفُ فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى الْكَلَامِ، وَمِنْهُ جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِيَتَأَلَّفُ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ الَّذِي هُوَ يَتَأَلَّفُ وَالْفَاعِلِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مِنَ الْإِعْرَابِ صِلَةُ الْمَوْصُولِ.

The word 'speech' serves as the predicate for a deleted subject, implying two genitive constructions. The original phrasing was, 'This is the chapter explaining speech and what it is composed of.' The subject—the demonstrative pronoun—was deleted, followed by the predicate, 'the chapter.' The word 'explanation' took its place and assumed its nominative case. Later, 'explanation' was also deleted, and 'speech' took its place, likewise assuming the nominative case. Regarding 'wa-ma', the 'waw' is a conjunction, and 'ma' is a relative noun conjoined to 'speech' with an implied genitive, meaning 'the explanation of what it is composed of.' 'Yata'allafu' is an imperfect verb with a permissible hidden pronoun as its subject, referring back to 'speech.' 'Minhu' is a prepositional phrase related to 'yata'allafu,' and the resulting verbal sentence has no grammatical function as it serves as the relative clause.

كَلَامُنَا كَلَامٌ مُبْتَدَأٌ، وَهُوَ مُضَافٌ وَنَا مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ، مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ فِي مَحَلِّ جَرٍّ، لَفْظٌ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَمُفِيدٌ نَعْتٌ لِلَّفْظِ، وَلَيْسَ خَبَرًا ثَانِيًا، كَاسْتَقِمْ إِنْ كَانَ مِثَالًا فَهُوَ جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرٍ لِمُبْتَدَأٍ مَحْذُوفٍ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ وَذَلِكَ كَاسْتَقِمْ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ تَمَامِ تَعْرِيفِ الْكَلَامِ فَهُوَ جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ أَيْضًا مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ نَعْتٍ لِمُفِيدٍ، وَاسْمٌ خَبَرٌ مُقَدَّمٌ، وَفِعْلٌ ثُمَّ حَرْفٌ مَعْطُوفَانِ عَلَيْهِ الْأَوَّلُ بِالْوَاوِ وَالثَّانِي بِثُمَّ، الْكَلِمُ مُبْتَدَأٌ مُؤَخَّرٌ، وَكَأَنَّهُ قَالَ كَلَامُ النُّحَاةِ هُوَ اللَّفْظُ الْمَوْصُوفُ بِوَصْفَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا الْإِفَادَةُ وَالثَّانِي التَّرْكِيبُ الْمَاثِلُ لِتَرْكِيبِ اسْتَقِمْ، وَالْكَلِمُ ثَلَاثَةُ أَنْوَاعٍ أَحَدُهَا الِاسْمُ وَثَانِيهَا الْفِعْلُ وَثَالِثُهَا الْحَرْفُ، وَإِنَّمَا عَطَفَ الْفِعْلَ عَلَى الِاسْمِ بِالْوَاوِ لِقُرْبِ مَنْزِلَتِهِ مِنْهُ حَيْثُ يَدُلُّ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى مَعْنًى فِي نَفْسِهِ، وَعَطَفَ الْحَرْفَ بِثُمَّ لِبُعْدِ رُتْبَتِهِ.

'Kalamuna' (our speech) is a subject in a genitive construction, where 'na' is a suffix built on sukun in the genitive position. 'Lafzun' is the predicate, and 'mufidun' is an adjective modifying it, not a second predicate. 'Ka-istaqim' (like 'stand straight') is a prepositional phrase; if it is an example, it relates to a deleted predicate for a deleted subject, implying 'that is like stand straight.' If it completes the definition of speech, it relates to a deleted adjective modifying 'mufidun.' 'Ismun' is a fronted predicate, with 'fi'lun' and 'harfun' conjoined to it using 'waw' and 'thumma' respectively. 'Al-kalimu' is a delayed subject. The author essentially defines the speech of grammarians as an utterance with two attributes: meaningfulness and a composition similar to 'istaqim.' The 'kalim' consists of three types: the noun, the verb, and the particle. The verb is conjoined to the noun with 'waw' due to their close status, as both convey meaning independently, while the particle is conjoined with 'thumma' due to its distinct rank.

وَاحِدُهُ كَلِمَةٌ مُبْتَدَأٌ وَخَبَرٌ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مُسْتَأْنِفَةٌ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مِنَ الْإِعْرَابِ، وَالْقَوْلُ مُبْتَدَأٌ، عَمَّ يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ فِعْلًا مَاضِيًا، وَعَلَى هَذَا يَكُونُ فَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرًا مُسْتَتِرًا فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى الْقَوْلِ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ وَالْفَاعِلِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَمَّ اسْمَ تَفْضِيلٍ وَأَصْلُهُ أَعَمُّ حُذِفَتْ هَمْزَتُهُ.

'Wahiduhu kalimatun' functions as a subject and predicate, forming an introductory sentence with no grammatical function. 'Al-qawlu' is a subject. 'Amma' may be a past verb, in which case its subject is a permissible hidden pronoun referring back to 'al-qawl,' and the entire verbal sentence serves as the nominative predicate. Alternatively, 'amma' may be a superlative noun, originally 'a'ammu' (more general), with its hamza removed.

Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 58 nouns)

• أَلَّفَ — to compose
• اسْتَقَامَ — to stand straight
• أَمَّ — to intend
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• أَقَامَ — to establish
• ارْتَفَعَ — to rise
• عَادَ — to return
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• عَمَّ — to be general
• كَانَ — to be
• قَالَ — to say
• وَصَفَ — to describe
• مَثَلَ — to resemble
• عَطَفَ — to connect
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• لَفْظٌ — utterance
• مُفِيدٌ — useful
• اسْمٌ — noun
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• حَرْفٌ — particle
• كَلِمٌ — words
• وَاحِدٌ — one
• كَلِمَةٌ — word
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• مُضَافٌ — genitive
• أَصْلٌ — origin
• نَظْمٌ — arrangement
• بَابٌ — chapter
• شَرْحٌ — explanation
• إِشَارَةٌ — indication
• مَقَامٌ — place
• ارْتِفَاعٌ — elevation
• عَاطِفَةٌ — conjunction
• مَوْصُولٌ — relative
• مَعْطُوفٌ — conjoined
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• مُسْتَتِرٌ — hidden
• جَوَازًا — permissibly
• جَارٌّ — preposition
• مَجْرُورٌ — genitive
• مُتَعَلِّقٌ — related
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• مَحَلٌّ — place
• إِعْرَابٌ — parsing
• صِلَةٌ — connection
• مَبْنِيٌّ — indeclinable
• سُكُونٌ — quiescence
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• نَعْتٌ — adjective
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• تَمَامٌ — completion
• تَعْرِيفٌ — definition
• مُقَدَّمٌ — fronted
• مُؤَخَّرٌ — delayed
• نَحْوِيٌّ — grammarian
• وَصْفٌ — description
• إِفَادَةٌ — benefit
• تَرْكِيبٌ — composition
• مَاثِلٌ — resembling
• ثَلَاثَةٌ — three
• نَوْعٌ — type
• مَنْزِلَةٌ — status
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• نَفْسٌ — self
• بُعْدٌ — distance
• رُتْبَةٌ — rank
• مُسْتَأْنِفَةٌ — resumptive
• تَفْضِيلٌ — preference
• هَمْزَةٌ — hamza