Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 1 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 14

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْكَلَامُ الْمُصْطَلَحُ عَلَيْهِ عِنْدَ النُّحَاةِ عِبَارَةٌ عَنِ اللَّفْظِ الْمُفِيدِ فَائِدَةً تَحْسُنُ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهَا

In grammatical terminology, speech is defined as a meaningful utterance that conveys a complete thought.

فَاللَّفْظُ : جِنْسٌ يَشْمَلُ الْكَلَامَ ، وَالْكَلِمَةَ ، وَالْكَلِمَ ، وَيَشْمَلُ الْمُهْمَلَ كَـ « دِيز » وَالْمُسْتَعْمَلَ كَـ « عَمْرٍو

The term utterance is a broad category encompassing speech, the single word, and collective speech. It includes both meaningless sounds, like 'diz', and meaningful ones, like 'Amr'.

وَمُفِيدٌ : أَخْرَجَ الْمُهْمَلَ

The descriptor meaningful excludes meaningless sounds.

وَ « فَائِدَةٌ يَحْسُنُ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهَا » أَخْرَجَ الْكَلِمَةَ ، وَبَعْضَ الْكَلِمِ - وَهُوَ مَا تَرَكَّبَ مِنْ ثَلَاثِ كَلِمَاتٍ فَأَكْثَرَ وَلَمْ يَحْسُنِ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهِ – نَحْوَ « إِنْ قَامَ زَيْدٌ

The requirement of conveying a complete thought excludes single words and certain combinations—specifically those of three or more words that do not form a complete sense, such as 'if Zayd stands'.

وَلَا يَتَرَكَّبُ الْكَلَامُ إِلَّا مِنْ اسْمَيْنِ ، نَحْوَ « زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ » ، أَوْ مِنْ فِعْلٍ وَاسْمٍ « قَامَ زَيْدٌ

Speech must consist of either two nouns, like 'Zayd is standing', or a verb and a noun, like 'Zayd stood'.

وَكَقَوْلِ الْمُصَنِّفِ « اسْتَقِمْ » فَإِنَّهُ كَلَامٌ مُرَكَّبٌ مِنْ فِعْلِ أَمْرٍ وَفَاعِلٍ مُسْتَتِرٍ ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ : اسْتَقِمْ أَنْتَ

Consider the author's example, 'Istaqim' (Be upright). This is speech composed of an imperative verb and an implied subject, understood as 'Istaqim anta' (You, be upright).

فَاسْتَغْنَى بِالْمِثَالِ عَنْ أَنْ يَقُولَ « فَائِدَةٌ يَحْسُنُ السُّكُوتُ عَلَيْهَا » ، فَكَأَنَّهُ قَالَ : « الْكَلَامُ هُوَ اللَّفْظُ الْمُفِيدُ فَائِدَةً كَفَائِدَةِ اسْتَقِمْ

By providing this example, the author avoids the need to explicitly define 'a complete thought,' effectively saying: 'Speech is an utterance that provides a benefit similar to that of the command, Be upright'.

حُذِفَتْ مِنْ خَيْرٍ وَشَرٍّ لِكَثْرَةِ اسْتِعْمَالِهَا وَأَصْلُهُمَا أَخْيَرُ وَأَشَرُّ ، بِدَلِيلِ مَجِيئِهِمَا عَلَى الْأَصْلِ أَحْيَانًا ، كَمَا فِي قَوْلِ الرَّاجِزِ : بِلَالٌ خَيْرُ النَّاسِ وَابْنُ الْأَخْيَرِ

The hamza was dropped from the words for 'good' and 'evil' due to frequent use, though their original forms were 'akhyar' and 'asharr'. This is proven by their occasional appearance in their original form, as in the poet's line: 'Bilal is the best of people and the son of the best'.

وَقَدْ قُرِئَ ( سَيَعْلَمُونَ غَدًا مَنْ الْكَذَّابُ الْأَشَرُّ ) بِفَتْحِ الشِّينِ وَتَشْدِيدِ الرَّاءِ

The verse 'They will soon know tomorrow who is the greatest liar and most evil' has been recited with a fatha on the sheen and a shadda on the ra.

وَعَلَى هَذَا يَكُونُ أَصْلُ « كَلِمَةٍ » « أَعَمُّ » كَمَا قُلْنَا ، وَهُوَ عَلَى هَذَا الْوَجْهِ خَبَرٌ لِلْمُبْتَدَأِ ، وَكَلِمَةٌ : مُبْتَدَأٌ أَوَّلُ

In this light, the origin of 'kalima' is 'a'amm' (more general), as we stated. In this structure, it serves as the predicate, while 'kalima' is the first subject.

بِهَا جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِيُؤَمُّ الْآتِي : كَلَامٌ : مُبْتَدَأٌ ثَانٍ ، قَدْ : حَرْفُ تَقْلِيلٍ ، يُؤَمُّ : فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ ، وَنَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازًا تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ عَلَى كَلَامٍ

'Biha' is a prepositional phrase linked to the following verb 'yu'ammu'. 'Kalam' is a second subject, 'qad' is a particle of diminution, and 'yu'ammu' is an imperfect verb with a permissible hidden pronoun as its deputy subject, referring back to 'kalam'.

وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنَ الْفِعْلِ وَنَائِبِ الْفَاعِلِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعِ خَبَرِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ الثَّانِي ، وَجُمْلَةُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ الثَّانِي وَخَبَرِهِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعِ خَبَرِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ الْأَوَّلِ

The verb and its deputy subject form a clause that serves as the predicate for the second subject, and this entire clause functions as the predicate for the first subject.

وَمَعْنَى « يُؤَمُّ » : يَقْصِدُ ، وَتَقْدِيرُ الْبَيْتِ : وَلَفْظُ كَلِمَةٍ مَعْنَى الْكَلَامِ قَدْ يُقْصَدُ بِهَا

The word 'yu'ammu' means 'is intended'. The verse is understood as: 'The word 'kalima' is sometimes used to intend the meaning of 'kalam'.

يَعْنِي أَنَّ لَفْظَ الْكَلِمَةِ قَدْ يُطْلَقُ وَيُقْصَدُ بِهَا الْمَعْنَى الَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ لَفْظُ الْكَلَامِ

This means that the term 'kalima' can be used to signify the very meaning conveyed by the term 'kalam'.

وَمِثَالُ ذَلِكَ مَا ذَكَرَ الشَّارِحُ مِنْ أَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا كَلِمَةُ الْإِخْلَاصِ ، وَقَالُوا « كَلِمَةُ التَّوْحِيدِ » ، وَأَرَادُوا بِهَذَيْنِ قَوْلَنَا : « لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ

The commentator provides examples such as 'the word of sincerity' and 'the word of monotheism,' both of which refer to the phrase: 'There is no god but Allah'.

وَكَذَلِكَ قَالَ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ : « أَفْضَلُ كَلِمَةٍ قَالَهَا شَاعِرٌ كَلِمَةُ لَبِيدٍ

Likewise, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: 'The best word a poet has ever spoken is the word of Labid'.

وَهُوَ يُرِيدُ قَصِيدَةَ لَبِيدِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ الْعَامِرِيِّ الَّتِي أَوَّلُهَا : أَلَا كُلُّ شَيْءٍ مَا خَلَا اللَّهَ بَاطِلُ وَكُلُّ نَعِيمٍ لَا مَحَالَةَ زَائِلُ

He wants the poem of Labid ibn Rabi'ah al-Amiri, which begins with: 'Indeed, everything except Allah is vain, and every bliss is inevitably fleeting,' and the discussion of what it is composed of. ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 64 nouns)

• اِصْطَلَحَ — to agree upon
• حَسُنَ — to be good
• شَمِلَ — to include
• أَخْرَجَ — to exclude
• تَرَكَّبَ — to be composed
• قَامَ — to stand
• اِسْتَقَامَ — to be straight
• اِسْتَغْنَى — to dispense with
• قَالَ — to say
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• اِسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• جَاءَ — to come
• عَلِمَ — to know
• أَمَّ — to intend
• عَادَ — to return
• قَصَدَ — to intend
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• أَطْلَقَ — to release
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• أَرَادَ — to want
• خَلَا — to be empty
• زَالَ — to cease
• كَلَام — speech
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• عِبَارَة — expression
• لَفْظ — utterance
• مُفِيد — beneficial
• فَائِدَة — benefit
• سُكُوت — silence
• جِنْس — genus
• كَلِمَة — word
• كَلِم — collective word
• مُهْمَل — neglected
• مُسْتَعْمَل — used
• بَعْض — part
• ثَلَاث — three
• اسْم — noun
• فِعْل — verb
• مُصَنِّف — author
• مُرَكَّب — compound
• أَمْر — imperative
• فَاعِل — doer
• مُسْتَتِر — hidden
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• مِثَال — an example
• خَيْر — good
• شَرّ — evil
• كَثْرَة — abundance
• اسْتِعْمَال — usage
• أَصْل — origin
• دَلِيل — evidence
• رَاجِز — rajaz poet
• نَاس — people
• ابْن — son
• أَخْيَر — better
• كَذَّاب — liar
• أَشَرّ — more evil
• فَتْح — opening
• شِين — sheen
• تَشْدِيد — emphasis
• رَاء — raa
• وَجْه — aspect
• خَبَر — predicate
• مُبْتَدَأ — subject
• أَوَّل — first
• جَارّ — preposition
• مَجْرُور — genitive
• ثَان — second
• حَرْف — particle
• تَقْلِيل — diminution
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• مَحَلّ — place
• رَفْع — nominative
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• شَارِح — commentator
• إِخْلَاص — sincerity
• تَوْحِيد — monotheism
• أَفْضَل — best
• شَاعِر — poet
• قَصِيدَة — poem
• شَيْء — thing
• بَاطِل — false
• نَعِيم — bliss
• مَحَالَة — doubt
• زَائِل — perishing