Palestinian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 8, Semester 2 — Page 18

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

إِذَا تَأَمَّلْنَا الأَفْعَالَ المَخْطُوطَ تَحْتَهَا فِي أَمْثِلَةِ المَجْمُوعَةِ (أ)، (تَوَدُّ، يَسْبِقُ، يَسْحَقُ) نَجِدُهَا أَفْعَالاً مُضَارِعَةً مَرْفُوعَةً؛ لِأَنَّهَا لَمْ تُسْبَقْ بِنَاصِبٍ أَوْ جَازِمٍ.

If we examine the underlined verbs in the examples of group (A)—(to love, to precede, to crush)—we find they are nominative present tense verbs because they are not preceded by an accusative or jussive particle.

وَلِأَنَّهَا أَفْعَالٌ صَحِيحَةُ الْآخِرِ؛ فَعَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهَا الضَّمَّةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ عَلَى الْآخِرِ.

Because they are sound-ending verbs, their sign of the nominative case is the damma appearing at the end.

وَفِي أَمْثِلَةِ المَجْمُوعَةِ (ب)، تَجِدُ الأَفْعَالَ (أُبَالِي، يَعْلُو، يَرْضَى) أَفْعَالاً مُضَارِعَةً مَرْفُوعَةً مُعْتَلَّةَ الْآخِرِ، بِاليَاءِ، وَالوَاوِ، وَالأَلِفِ عَلَى التَّرْتِيبِ.

In the examples of group (B), you will find the verbs (I care, he rises, he is satisfied) are nominative present tense verbs with weak endings, specifically ya, waw, and alif, respectively.

وَإِذَا حَاوَلْنَا نُطْقَ الضَّمَّةِ عَلَى آخِرِ كُلِّ فِعْلٍ مِنْهَا، نَجِدُ ذَلِكَ ثَقِيلاً عَلَى اللِّسَانِ فِي الفِعْلَيْنِ: (أُبَالِي، يَعْلُو)، لِهَذَا تَكُونُ عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهِمَا الضَّمَّةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ عَلَى الْآخِرِ، مَنَعَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا الثِّقَلُ.

If we attempt to pronounce the damma at the end of each of these verbs, we find it difficult to articulate in the first two—(I care, he rises). Therefore, their nominative sign is a damma implied at the end, the appearance of which is prevented by the difficulty of pronunciation.

أَمَّا الفِعْلُ (يَرْضَى) فَيَتَعَذَّرُ نُطْقُ الضَّمَّةِ عَلَى آخِرِهِ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ مَرْفُوعاً، وَعَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهِ الضَّمَّةُ المُقَدَّرَةُ عَلَى آخِرِهِ، مَنَعَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا التَّعَذُّرُ.

As for the verb (he is satisfied), it is impossible to pronounce the damma at its end. Since it is in the nominative case, its sign is a damma implied at the end, the appearance of which is prevented by that impossibility.

أَمَّا فِي أَمْثِلَةِ المَجْمُوعَةِ (ج)، فَنَجِدُ أَنَّ الأَفْعَالَ المُضَارِعَةَ المَخْطُوطَ تَحْتَهَا: (تَقْبَلِينَ، تَبْسُمَانِ، يَسْتَوْفُونَ)، أُسْنِدَتْ إِلَى يَاءِ المُخَاطَبَةِ، وَأَلِفِ الاثْنَتَيْنِ، وَوَاوِ الجَمَاعَةِ، فَهِيَ مِنَ الأَفْعَالِ الخَمْسَةِ، وَتَكُونُ عَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهَا ثُبُوتُ النُّونِ فِي آخِرِهَا كَمَا تُلاحِظُ.

In the examples of group (C), we find that the underlined present tense verbs—(you accept, you two smile, they fulfill)—are attached to the ya of address, the alif of duality, and the waw of the plural. These are the five verbs, and their nominative sign is the retention of the nun at the end, as you can observe.

نَسْتَنْتِجُ: يُرْفَعُ الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ مَا لَمْ يُسْبَقْ بِنَاصِبٍ أَوْ جَازِمٍ.

Conclusion: The present tense verb is nominative as long as it is not preceded by an accusative or jussive particle.

لِرَفْعِ الفِعْلِ المُضَارِعِ عَلَامَتَانِ: أ- الضَّمَّةُ، وَتَكُونُ ظَاهِرَةً إِذَا كَانَ الفِعْلُ صَحِيحَ الْآخِرِ، نَحْوَ: (تَتَأَمَّلُ الشَّاعِرَةُ السَّمَاءَ).

There are two signs for the nominative case of the present tense verb: A- The damma, which is apparent if the verb is sound-ending, such as: (The poetess contemplates the sky).

وَتَكُونُ مُقَدَّرَةً يَمْنَعُ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا الثِّقَلُ، إِذَا كَانَ الفِعْلُ مُعْتَلَّ الْآخِرِ بِالوَاوِ أَوِ اليَاءِ، نَحْوَ: (يَسْمُو المَرْءُ بِأَخْلَاقِهِ، وَيَرْتَقِي بِصِدْقِهِ).

It is implied, with its appearance prevented by the difficulty of articulation, if the verb is weak-ending with a waw or ya, such as: (A person rises through their morals and ascends through their honesty).

وَيَمْنَعُ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا التَّعَذُّرُ، إِذَا كَانَ الْفِعْلُ مُعْتَلَّ الْآخِرِ بِالْأَلِفِ نَحْوَ (يَسْعَى الْحَاجُّ بَيْنَ الصَّفَا وَالمَرْوَةِ).

Its appearance is prevented by impossibility if the verb is weak-ending with an alif, such as: (The pilgrim strives between Safa and Marwa).

ب- ثُبُوتُ النُّونِ فِي آخِرِ الأَفْعَالِ الخَمْسَةِ، نَحْوَ: (بَعْضُ النَّاسِ يُهْدُونَنَا الفَرَحَ، وَيَحْمِلُونَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ أَحْزَانَ السِّنِينَ).

B- The retention of the nun at the end of the five verbs, such as: (Some people gift us joy and carry the sorrows of the years in their hearts).

Vocabulary · المفردات (21 verbs · 37 nouns)

• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• وَدَّ — to wish
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• سَحَقَ — to crush
• وَجَدَ — to find
• بَالَى — to care
• عَلَا — to rise
• رَضِيَ — to acquiesce
• حَاوَلَ — to attempt
• قَبِلَ — to accept
• بَسَمَ — to smile
• اِسْتَوْفَى — to exact in full
• أَسْنَدَ — to attribute
• لَاحَظَ — to observe
• اِسْتَنْتَجَ — to conclude
• رَفَعَ — to raise
• سَمَا — to be exalted
• اِرْتَقَى — to ascend
• سَعَى — to strive
• أَهْدَى — to gift
• حَمَلَ — to carry
• فِعْل — verb
• مِثَال — examples
• مَجْمُوعَة — group
• نَاصِب — accusative particle
• جَازِم — jussive particle
• آخِر — end
• عَلَامَة — sign
• رَفْع — nominative case
• ضَمَّة — damma
• يَاء — ya
• وَاو — waw
• أَلِف — alif
• تَرْتِيب — order
• لِسَان — tongue
• ثِقَل — heaviness
• ظُهُور — appearance
• تَعَذُّر — impossibility
• مُخَاطَبَة — address
• اِثْنَةٌ — two
• جَمَاعَة — group
• خَمْسَة — five
• ثُبُوت — fixity
• نُون — nun
• شَاعِرَة — poetess
• سَمَاء — sky
• مَرْء — person
• أَخْلَاق — morals
• صِدْق — honesty
• حَاجّ — pilgrim
• صَفَا — Safa
• مَرْوَة — Marwa
• نَاس — people
• فَرَح — joy
• قَلْب — heart
• حُزْن — sadness
• سَنَة — year
• مَرْفُوعَة — nominative