Palestinian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 2 — Page 16

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

نَسْتَنْتِجُ: ١- الاسْتِثْناءُ: هُوَ إِخْراجُ ما بَعْدَ (إلّا) مِنْ حُكْمِ ما قَبْلَها، مِثْلُ: قَرَأْتُ الكِتابَ إِلَّا فَصْلَيْنِ.

We conclude: 1- Exception: The exclusion of what follows (illa) from the ruling applied to what precedes it, for example: I read the book except for two chapters.

٢- يَتَكَوَّنُ أُسْلُوبُ الاسْتِثْناءِ مِنَ العَناصِرِ الآتِيَةِ:

2- The structure of an exception consists of the following elements:

أ- المُسْتَثْنى مِنْهُ: وَهُوَ الاسْمُ الَّذِي يُنْسَبُ إِلَيْهِ حَدَثٌ ما، وَيَقَعُ قَبْلَ أَداةِ الاسْتِثْناءِ.

a- The exception-from (al-mustathna minhu): The noun to which an action is attributed, appearing before the exception particle.

ب- أَداةُ الاسْتِثْناءِ: الَّتِي تُخْرِجُ ما بَعْدَها مِنْ حُكْمِ ما قَبْلَها.

b- The exception particle: The element that excludes what follows it from the ruling applied to what precedes it.

ج- المُسْتَثْنى: الاسْمُ الواقِعُ بَعْدَ أَداةِ الاسْتِثْناءِ، وَلا يَشْمَلُهُ حُكْمُ ما قَبْلَها.

c- The exception (al-mustathna): The noun appearing after the exception particle, which is not included in the ruling applied to what precedes it.

٣- مِنْ أَدَواتِ الاسْتِثْناءِ: إِلّا، وَهُناكَ أَدَواتٌ أُخْرَى سَنَدْرُسُها لاحِقاً.

3- Among the exception particles is illa, though there are others we will study later.

٤- أَنْواعُ الاسْتِثْناءِ:

4- Types of exception:

الاسْتِثْناءُ التّامُّ المُوجَبُ: هُوَ ما ذُكِرَ فِيهِ المُسْتَثْنى مِنْهُ، وَلَمْ يَسْبِقْهُ نَفْيٌ أَوْ نَهْيٌ أَوْ اسْتِفْهامٌ، وَحُكْمُ ما بَعْدَ (إلّا) وُجُوبُ النَّصْبِ، وَيُعْرَبُ مُسْتَثْنًى مَنْصُوباً، مِثْلُ: "كُلُّ عَمَلِ ابْنِ آدَمَ لَهُ إِلَّا الصَّوْمَ فَإِنَّهُ لِي وَأَنا أَجْزِي بِهِ".

Complete positive exception: An exception where the exception-from is mentioned and is not preceded by negation, prohibition, or interrogation. The noun following (illa) must be in the accusative case and is parsed as an accusative exception, for example: "Every deed of the son of Adam is for him, except fasting, for it is for Me and I reward it."

الاسْتِثْناءُ التّامُّ غَيْرُ المُوجَبِ: هُوَ ما ذُكِرَ فِيهِ المُسْتَثْنى مِنْهُ، وَسُبِقَ بِنَفْيٍ أَوْ نَهْيٍ أَوْ اسْتِفْهامٍ، وَيُعْرَبُ ما بَعْدَ (إلّا) إِمّا مُسْتَثْنًى مَنْصُوباً، أَوْ بَدَلاً، مِثْلُ: هَلْ أَثْمَرَتِ الأَشْجارُ إِلَّا النَّخِيلَ؟

Complete non-positive exception: An exception where the exception-from is mentioned and is preceded by negation, prohibition, or interrogation. The noun following (illa) is parsed either as an accusative exception or as a substitute (badal), for example: Did the trees bear fruit, except for the palm trees?

ما قَرَأْتُ القِصَصَ الَّتِي اشْتَرَيْتُها إِلَّا قِصَّةً.

I did not read the stories I bought, except for one.

الاسْتِثْناءُ المُفَرَّغُ: هُوَ ما حُذِفَ مِنْهُ المُسْتَثْنى مِنْهُ، وَسُبِقَ بِنَفْيٍ أَوْ نَهْيٍ أَوْ اسْتِفْهامٍ، وَيُعْرَبُ ما بَعْدَ إِلّا وَفْقَ مَوْقِعِهِ فِي الجُمْلَةِ، مِثْلُ: لَنْ يَكْتُمَ السِّرَّ إِلَّا كُلُّ ذِي شَرَفٍ.

Emptied (mufarragh) exception: An exception where the exception-from is omitted and the sentence is preceded by negation, prohibition, or interrogation. The noun following (illa) is parsed according to its grammatical function in the sentence, for example: No one will keep a secret except a person of honor.

هَلْ تَصْحَبُ إِلَّا الأَخْيارَ؟

Do you accompany anyone but the virtuous?

لا تَتَوَكَّلْ إِلَّا عَلَى اللهِ.

Do not rely on anyone but God.

Vocabulary · المفردات (18 verbs · 37 nouns)

• اِسْتَنْتَجَ — to conclude
• قَرَأَ — to read
• تَكَوَّنَ — to consist
• نَسَبَ — to attribute
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• خَرَجَ — to exclude
• شَمِلَ — to include
• دَرَسَ — to study
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• أَعْرَبَ — to parse
• جَزَى — to reward
• أَثْمَرَ — to bear fruit
• اشْتَرَى — to buy
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• كَتَمَ — to hide
• صَحِبَ — to accompany
• تَوَكَّلَ — to rely
• اسْتِثْناء — exception
• إِخْراج — extraction
• حُكْم — ruling
• كِتاب — book
• فَصْل — chapter
• أُسْلُوب — style
• عُنْصُر — element
• مُسْتَثْنى — exception
• اسْم — noun
• حَدَث — event
• أَدَاة — tool
• لاحِق — subsequent
• نَوْع — type
• تام — complete
• مُوجَب — positive
• نَفْي — negation
• نَهْي — prohibition
• اسْتِفْهام — interrogation
• وُجُوب — necessity
• نَصْب — accusative case
• مَنْصُوب — accusative
• عَمَل — work
• ابْن — son
• صَوْم — fasting
• غَيْر — other
• بَدَل — substitute
• شَجَر — tree
• نَخِيل — palm tree
• قِصَّة — story
• مُفَرَّغ — vacant
• وَفْق — according to
• مَوْقِع — position
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• سِرّ — secret
• ذُو — possessor
• شَرَف — honor
• خَيِّرٌ — good people