Palestinian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 2 — Page 15

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

المُسْتَثْنَى مِنْهُ، وَهُوَ كَلِمَةُ (النَّاسِ) وَيَقَعُ قَبْلَ أَدَاةِ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ.

The 'exception-from' is the word (people), which appears before the exception particle.

أَدَاةُ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ، وَهِيَ: (إِلَّا)، وَهُنَاكَ أَدَوَاتٌ أُخْرَى سَنَدْرُسُهَا لَاحِقاً.

The exception particle is (except), though there are other particles we will study later.

المُسْتَثْنَى، وَهُوَ (المُكَابِرُ)، وَيَقَعُ بَعْدَ أَدَاةِ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ.

The 'exception' is (the arrogant), which appears after the exception particle.

وَهَكَذَا نَرَى أَنَّ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ يَتَكَوَّنُ مِنْ ثَلَاثَةِ عَنَاصِرَ هِيَ: المُسْتَثْنَى مِنْهُ، وَالأَدَاةُ، وَالمُسْتَثْنَى.

Thus, we see that an exception consists of three elements: the exception-from, the particle, and the exception.

نَعُودُ إِلَى المِثَالَيْنِ الثَّانِي وَالثَّالِثِ مِنَ المَجْمُوعَةِ الأُولَى، وَنُحَدِّدُ فِيهِمَا عَنَاصِرَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ.

We return to the second and third examples from the first group to identify the elements of the exception within them.

إِذَا تَأَمَّلْنَا الأَمْثِلَةَ فِي المَجْمُوعَةِ الأُولَى مَرَّةً ثَانِيَةً، نَجِدُ أَنَّ عَنَاصِرَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ تَوَافَرَتْ فِيهَا، وَأَنَّهَا غَيْرُ مَسْبُوقَةٍ بِنَفْيٍ أَوْ نَهْيٍ أَوْ اسْتِفْهَامٍ، فَيُسَمَّى هَذَا اللَّوْنُ مِنَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ التَّامَّ المُوجَبَ، وَيُعْرَبُ مَا بَعْدَ إِلَّا فِي هَذِهِ الحَالَةِ مُسْتَثْنًى مَنْصُوباً.

If we examine the examples in the first group again, we find that the elements of the exception are present, and they are not preceded by negation, prohibition, or interrogation. This type of exception is called a complete positive exception, and in this case, the word following 'except' is parsed as an accusative exception.

وَإِذَا دَقَّقْنَا النَّظَرَ فِي أَمْثِلَةِ المَجْمُوعَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ، نَجِدُ أَنَّ عَنَاصِرَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ قَدْ تَوَافَرَتْ فِيهَا أَيْضاً، غَيْرَ أَنَّهَا سُبِقَتْ بِنَفْيٍ، أَوْ اسْتِفْهَامٍ، فَيُسَمَّى هَذَا اللَّوْنُ مِنَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ التَّامَّ غَيْرَ المُوجَبِ، فَيَجُوزُ فِي الِاسْمِ الوَاقِعِ بَعْدَ (إِلَّا) الِاتِّبَاعُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ بَدَلٌ، أَوِ النَّصْبُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ مُسْتَثْنًى مَنْصُوبٌ.

If we look closely at the examples in the second group, we find that the elements of the exception are also present, but they are preceded by negation or interrogation. This type is called a complete non-positive exception, where the noun following (except) may either follow the case of the exception-from as a substitute or be in the accusative case as an accusative exception.

فَتُعْرَبُ كَلِمَةُ (المُكَابِرُ) فِي المِثَالِ الأَوَّلِ مِنْ هَذِهِ المَجْمُوعَةِ مُسْتَثْنًى مَنْصُوباً أَوْ بَدَلاً، وَكَذَلِكَ الحَالُ فِي كَلِمَةِ (كِتَابٌ) فِي المِثَالِ الثَّانِي، وَكَلِمَةِ (سَعِيدٌ) فِي المِثَالِ الثَّالِثِ.

The word (the arrogant) in the first example of this group is parsed as either an accusative exception or a substitute; the same applies to the word (book) in the second example and the word (Saeed) in the third.

أَمَّا إِذَا تَأَمَّلْنَا الأَمْثِلَةَ فِي المَجْمُوعَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ، فَنَجِدُ أَنَّهَا قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنَ المُسْتَثْنَى مِنْهُ، وَتَقَدَّمَ عَلَيْهَا اسْتِفْهَامٌ أَوْ نَفْيٌ، وَيُسَمَّى هَذَا اللَّوْنُ مِنَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ المُفَرَّغَ؛ أَيْ أَنَّ مَا قَبْلَ (إِلَّا) يَتَفَرَّغُ لِلْعَمَلِ فِيمَا بَعْدَهَا، وَيُعْرَبُ مَا بَعْدَ (إِلَّا) وَفْقَ مَوْقِعِهِ فِي الجُمْلَةِ رَفْعاً أَوْ نَصْباً أَوْ جَرّاً.

If we examine the examples in the third group, we find they lack an exception-from and are preceded by interrogation or negation. This type is called a vacuous exception, meaning the part before (except) is free to govern what follows it, and the word after (except) is parsed according to its grammatical position in the sentence, whether nominative, accusative, or genitive.

فَتُعْرَبُ كَلِمَةُ (المُكَابِرُ) فِي المِثَالِ الأَوَّلِ فَاعِلاً مَرْفُوعاً، وَعَلَامَةُ رَفْعِهِ الضَّمَّةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ عَلَى آخِرِهِ، وَكَلِمَةُ (كِتَابٌ) فِي المِثَالِ الثَّانِي مَفْعُولاً بِهِ مَنْصُوباً، وَعَلَامَةُ نَصْبِهِ الفَتْحَةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ عَلَى آخِرِهِ، وَكَلِمَةُ (سَعِيدٌ) فِي المِثَالِ الثَّالِثِ اسْماً مَجْرُوراً، وَعَلَامَةُ جَرِّهِ الكَسْرَةُ الظَّاهِرَةُ عَلَى آخِرِهِ.

The word (the arrogant) in the first example is parsed as a nominative subject with a visible damma as its sign; the word (book) in the second example is an accusative object with a visible fatha as its sign; and the word (Saeed) in the third example is a genitive noun with a visible kasra as its sign.

Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 49 nouns)

• وَقَعَ — to fall
• دَرَسَ — to study
• رَأَى — to see
• تَكَوَّنَ — to consist
• عَادَ — to return
• حَدَّدَ — to determine
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• وَجَدَ — to find
• تَوَافَرَ — to abound
• سَبَقَ — to precede
• سَمَّى — to name
• أَعْرَبَ — to parse
• دَقَّقَ — to examine
• جَازَ — to become permissible
• خَلَا — to become empty
• تَقَدَّمَ — to advance
• تَفَرَّغَ — to devote oneself to
• مُسْتَثْنًى — exception
• كَلِمَة — word
• نَاس — people
• أَدَاة — tool
• اسْتِثْنَاءٌ — exception
• مُكَابِر — arrogant person
• عُنْصُر — element
• مِثَال — example
• ثَان — second
• ثَالِث — third
• مَجْمُوعَة — group
• أَوَّل — first
• مِثَال — examples
• مَرَّة — time
• ثَانِيَة — second
• نَفْي — negation
• نَهْي — prohibition
• اسْتِفْهَامٌ — interrogation
• لَوْن — type
• تَامٌّ — complete
• مُوجَب — positive
• حَالَة — case
• مَنْصُوب — accusative
• نَظَر — look
• اسْمٌ — noun
• وَاقِع — located
• اتِّبَاعٌ — following
• بَدَل — substitute
• نَصْب — accusative case
• حَال — state
• كِتَاب — book
• سَعِيد — Saeed
• مُفَرَّغ — vacuous
• عَمَل — work
• وَفْق — according to
• مَوْقِع — position
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• رَفْع — nominative case
• جَرٌّ — genitive case
• فَاعِل — subject
• مَرْفُوع — nominative
• عَلَامَةٌ — sign
• ضَمَّة — damma
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• آخِرٌ — end
• مَفْعُول — object
• فَتْحَة — fatha
• مَجْرُور — genitive
• كَسْرَة — kasra