Al-Nahw al-Wadih Primary — Volume 3 (النحو الواضح للمرحلة الابتدائية) — Page 122

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

كَلِمَةُ « يَا » فَقُلْنَا كَمَا فِي الْأَمْثِلَةِ الْمُتَقَدِّمَةِ يَا صَلَاحَ الدِّينِ ، وَيَا حَارِسَ الْبُسْتَانِ ، وَهَلُمَّ جَرَّا ، وَيُسَمَّى الِاسْمُ بَعْدَ « يَا » مُنَادًى

As for the word 'ya' (O), we have said, as in the preceding examples, 'Ya Salah al-Din' (O Salah al-Din), 'Ya haris al-bustan' (O guardian of the orchard), and so on, and the noun after 'ya' is called a munada (vocative).

أَمَّا « يَا » نَفْسُهَا فَتُسَمَّى أَدَاةَ النِّدَاءِ ، وَمِثْلُ يَا : أَيَا ، وَهَيَا ، وَأَيْ ، وَالْهَمْزَةُ

As for 'ya' itself, it is called the vocative particle, and similar to 'ya' are 'aya', 'haya', 'ay', and the hamza.

وَإِذَا تَأَمَّلْنَا الْمُنَادَى فِي الْأَمْثِلَةِ الْمُتَقَدِّمَةِ ، وَجَدْنَاهُ يَقَعُ عَلَى أَحْوَالٍ خَمْسٍ : فَهُوَ فِي الطَّائِفَةِ الْأُولَى مُضَافٌ إِلَى اسْمٍ بَعْدَهُ ، وَفِي الطَّائِفَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مُتَّصِلٌ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ تَمَامِ مَعْنَاهُ كَمَا يَتَّصِلُ الْمُضَافُ بِالْمُضَافِ إِلَيْهِ ، وَلِذَلِكَ يُسَمَّى شَبِيهاً بِالْمُضَافِ ، فَإِنَّنَا إِذَا قُلْنَا مَثَلاً : ( يَا مُسَافِراً ) وَسَكَتْنَا لَمْ يَتَبَيَّنْ لِلسَّامِعِ الْمَعْنَى كَامِلاً ؛ لِأَنَّ السَّفَرَ قَدْ يَكُونُ إِلَى بِقَاعٍ شَتَّى ، فَإِذَا قُلْنَا : « إِلَى لُبْنَانَ » فَقَدْ أَتْمَمْنَا الْمَعْنَى وَخَصَّصْنَاهُ كَمَا يُخَصَّصُ الْمُضَافُ بِالْمُضَافِ إِلَيْهِ ؛ وَهُوَ فِي الطَّائِفَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ نَكِرَةٌ غَيْرُ مَقْصُودَةٍ ، أَمَّا أَنَّهُ نَكِرَةٌ فَلِأَنَّهُ لَا يُفْهَمُ مِنْهُ مُعَيَّنٌ ، وَأَمَّا أَنَّهَا غَيْرُ مَقْصُودَةٍ حِينَ نَقُولُ : ( يَا مُسْرِعاً فِي الْعَجَلَةِ النَّدَامَةُ ) مَثَلاً ، لَا نُوَجِّهُ الْخِطَابَ إِلَى إِنْسَانٍ خَاصٍّ ، وَلَا نَقْصِدُ بِهِ وَاحِداً دُونَ آخَرَ ، وَإِنَّمَا نُلْقِي النُّصْحَ عَامّاً لِكُلِّ مَنْ يَنْتَفِعُ بِهِ ، أَمَّا فِي الطَّائِفَةِ الرَّابِعَةِ فَالْمُنَادَى نَكِرَةٌ مَقْصُودَةٌ ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُتَكَلِّمَ حِينَ يَقُولُ : ( يَا رِجَالُ أَتْقِنُوا أَعْمَالَكُمْ ) يَقْصِدُ رِجَالاً مَخْصُوصِينَ يُوَجِّهُ إِلَيْهِمْ خِطَابَهُ ، وَأَمَّا فِي الطَّائِفَةِ الْخَامِسَةِ فَالْمُنَادَى عَلَمٌ مُفْرَدٌ : أَيْ غَيْرُ مُضَافٍ ، وَغَيْرُ شَبِيهٍ بِالْمُضَافِ

If we examine the vocative in the preceding examples, we find it occurs in five states: in the first group, it is a construct (mudaf) to a noun after it; in the second group, it is connected to something that completes its meaning, just as the construct is connected to the genitive (mudaf ilayh), and therefore it is called 'similar to the construct' (shabih bil-mudaf), for if we say, for example, 'Ya musafiran' (O traveler) and stop, the meaning is not fully clear to the listener, because travel could be to various regions, so if we say 'ila Lubnan' (to Lebanon), we have completed the meaning and specified it, just as the construct is specified by the genitive; in the third group, it is an indefinite noun that is unintended (nakira ghayr maqsuda), as for it being indefinite, it is because no specific person is understood from it, and as for it being unintended, when we say, for example, 'Ya musri'an fi al-'ajala al-nadama' (O one who is hasty, in haste is regret), we are not directing the address to a specific person, nor do we intend one over another, but rather we are offering general advice to everyone who might benefit from it; as for the fourth group, the vocative is an intended indefinite noun (nakira maqsuda), because when the speaker says, 'Ya rijal atqinu a'malakum' (O men, perfect your work), he intends specific men to whom he directs his address; and as for the fifth group, the vocative is a proper noun (alam mufrad), meaning it is not a construct and not similar to a construct.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 52 nouns)

• قَالَ — to say
• سَمَّى — to name
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• كَلِمَة — word
• مِثَال — an example
• حَارِس — guard