Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 98

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ بِالْبَعْضِ الْآخَرِ مِنْ أَنْوَاعِ الْعَلَاقَةِ، فَقَالَ: [تَقْسِيمُ الْمُرْسَلِ] وَمِنْهُ أَيْ مِنَ الْمُرْسَلِ تَسْمِيَةُ الشَّيْءِ بِاسْمِ جُزْئِهِ، فِي هَذِهِ الْعِبَارَةِ نَوْعُ تَسَامُحٍ، وَالْمَعْنَى أَنَّ فِي هَذِهِ التَّسْمِيَةِ مَجَازًا مُرْسَلًا، وَهُوَ اللَّفْظُ الْمَوْضُوعُ لِلْكُلِّ الْمُرَادُ مِنَ الْعِبَارَةِ إِطْلَاقُهُ عَلَى نَفْسِ الْجُزْءِ عِنْدَ إِطْلَاقِ الشَّيْءِ عَلَى نَفْسِ ذَلِكَ الشَّيْءِ كَالْعَيْنِ وَهِيَ الْجَارِحَةُ الْمَخْصُوصَةُ فِي الرَّبِيئَةِ وَهِيَ الشَّخْصُ الرَّقِيبُ وَالْعَيْنُ الْبَاصِرَةُ الْجَاسُوسُ جُزْءٌ مِنْهُ، وَيَجِبُ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْجُزْءُ الَّذِي يُطْلَقُ عَلَى الْكُلِّ مِمَّا يَكُونُ لَهُ مِنْ بَيْنِ الْأَجْزَاءِ مَزِيدُ اخْتِصَاصٍ بِالْمَعْنَى الَّذِي قُصِدَ بِالْكُلِّ، مَثَلًا لَا يَجُوزُ إِطْلَاقُ الْيَدِ أَوِ الْإِصْبَعِ عَلَى الرَّبِيئَةِ، وَعَكْسُهُ أَيْ وَمِنْهُ عَكْسُ الْمَذْكُورِ يَعْنِي تَسْمِيَةُ الشَّيْءِ بِالْبَعْضِ الْآخَرِ إِلَخْ وَفِيهِ أَنَّ السَّبَبِيَّةَ مِمَّا سَيَأْتِي صَرِيحًا، وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَتِ الْإِشَارَةُ إِلَيْهَا بِالتَّمْثِيلِ بِالْيَدِ فِي النِّعْمَةِ وَالْقُدْرَةِ، وَيُمْكِنُ دَفْعُهُ بِأَنَّ الْمُتَقَدِّمَةَ هِيَ السَّبَبِيَّةُ التَّنْزِيلِيَّةُ وَالْآتِي هُوَ السَّبَبِيَّةُ الْحَقِيقِيَّةُ.

Literal and figurative meaning are among the other types of relationships, so he said: [Classification of the Mursal (loose) metaphor], and from it—that is, from the Mursal—is naming a thing by the name of its part; there is a type of laxity in this expression, and the meaning is that in this naming there is a Mursal metaphor, which is the word coined for the whole, where the intent of the expression is its application to the part itself when applying the thing to that very thing, such as 'the eye' (al-'ayn), which is the specific organ, in the context of 'the lookout' (al-rabi'ah), which is the person watching, and the seeing eye is a part of him. It is necessary that the part which is applied to the whole be one that has, among the parts, a greater specialization for the meaning intended by the whole; for example, it is not permissible to apply 'hand' or 'finger' to the lookout. And its opposite—that is, from it is the opposite of what was mentioned, meaning naming the thing by the other part, etc.—and in this is that causality is among what will come explicitly, and an indication of it has already preceded by the example of the hand in 'favor' and 'power', and it is possible to refute this by saying that the preceding one is the metaphorical causality, and the coming one is the real causality.

نَوْعُ تَسَامُحٍ لِأَنَّ الْمَجَازَ هُوَ اللَّفْظُ الْمُسَمَّى بِهِ لَا التَّسْمِيَةُ كَمَا هُوَ ظَاهِرُ عِبَارَتِهِ، لَكِنْ لَمَّا كَانَتِ التَّسْمِيَةُ سَبَبًا لِكَوْنِهِ مَجَازًا مُعْتَبَرًا يَجُوزُ فِي جَعْلِ التَّسْمِيَةِ مِنَ الْمَجَازِ.

It is a type of laxity because the metaphor is the word named by it, not the naming itself, as is the apparent meaning of his expression; however, since the naming is a cause for it being considered a metaphor, it is permissible to include the naming as part of the metaphor.

فِي إِلَخْ "فِي" بِمَعْنَى "مَعَ"، فَالْمَجَازُ الْمُرْسَلُ مُصَاحِبٌ لِتِلْكَ التَّسْمِيَةِ لَا أَنَّهُ وَاقِعٌ فِيهَا، كَمَا هُوَ ظَاهِرُ قَوْلِ الشَّارِحِ، وَلَا أَنَّهُ نَفْسُ التَّسْمِيَةِ كَمَا هُوَ ظَاهِرُ قَوْلِ الْمُصَنِّفِ، وَيُمْكِنُ أَنْ يُوَجَّهَ كَلَامُ الْمَاتِنِ أَيْضًا بِحَذْفِ الْمُضَافِ أَيْ وَمِنْ وُجُوهِ الْمَجَازِ الْمُرْسَلِ وَطُرُقِهِ تَسْمِيَةُ الشَّيْءِ إِلَخْ.

In 'etc.', 'in' is in the sense of 'with', so the Mursal metaphor accompanies that naming, not that it occurs within it, as is the apparent meaning of the commentator's statement, nor that it is the naming itself, as is the apparent meaning of the author's statement; and it is possible to interpret the author's words also by assuming the omission of the genitive, meaning: 'and among the aspects and methods of the Mursal metaphor is naming the thing, etc.'

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Vocabulary · المفردات (26 verbs · 70 nouns)

• قَالَ — to say
• وَضَعَ — to place
• أَرَادَ — to intend
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• بَعْض — part