Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 8

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الثَّانِي

The Second Art.

الدَّلَالَةُ

Signification.

فَإِنْ قِيلَ: إِذَا فَرَضْنَا لَفْظًا مُشْتَرَكًا بَيْنَ الْكُلِّ وَجُزْئِهِ وَلَازِمِهِ كَلَفْظِ الشَّمْسِ الْمُشْتَرَكِ مَثَلًا بَيْنَ اشْتِرَاكًا لَفْظِيًّا الْجِرْمِ وَالشُّعَاعِ وَمَجْمُوعِهِمَا، فَإِذَا أُطْلِقَ عَلَى الْمَجْمُوعِ مُطَابَقَةً، وَاعْتُبِرَتْ دَلَالَتُهُ عَلَى الْجِرْمِ تَضَمُّنًا، الْقَرْضُ الضَّوْءُ لَفْظُ شَمْسٍ بِاعْتِبَارِ الْوَاضِعِ لِلْمَجْمُوعِ وَالشُّعَاعِ الْتِزَامًا، فَقَدْ صَدَقَ عَلَى هَذَا التَّضَمُّنِ وَالِالْتِزَامِ أَنَّهَا دَلَالَةُ اللَّفْظِ عَلَى تَمَامِ الْمَوْضُوعِ بِاعْتِبَارِ الْوَضْعِ لِلْجِرْمِ فَقَطْ جَوَابُ "إِذَا" الثَّانِيَةِ لَهُ، وَإِذَا أُطْلِقَ عَلَى الْجِرْمِ أَوِ الشُّعَاعِ مُطَابَقَةً صَدَقَ عَلَيْهَا أَنَّهَا دَلَالَةُ اللَّفْظِ عَلَى جُزْءِ الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ نَظَرًا لِوَضْعِ الشَّمْسِ الْمَجْمُوعِ أَوْ لَازِمِهِ، وَحِينَئِذٍ يَنْتَقِضُ تَعْرِيفُ كُلٍّ مِنَ الدَّلَالَاتِ الثَّلَاثِ بِالْأُخْرَيَيْنِ، وَالْجَوَابُ أَنَّ قَيْدَ الْحَيْثِيَّةِ نَظَرًا لِوَضْعِهِ لِلْجِرْمِ بِالدَّلَالَتَيْنِ الْأُخْرَيَيْنِ الْإِضَافَةُ بَيَانِيَّةٌ مَأْخُوذٌ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْأُمُورِ الَّتِي تَخْتَلِفُ بِاعْتِبَارِ الْإِضَافَاتِ، حَتَّى أَنَّ الْمُطَابَقَةَ: هِيَ الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى تَمَامِ مُعْتَبَرٌ تَتَغَايَرُ النِّسَبُ تَفْرِيعِيَّةٌ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ تَمَامُ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ وَالتَّضَمُّنَ الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى جُزْءِ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ جُزْءُ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ وَالِالْتِزَامَ الدَّلَالَةُ عَلَى لَازِمِهِ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ لَازِمُ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ، وَكَثِيرًا مَا يَتْرُكُونَ هَذَا الْقَيْدَ اعْتِمَادًا عَلَى شُهْرَةِ ذَلِكَ وَانْسِيَاقِ الذِّهْنِ إِلَيْهِ وَشَرْطِهِ

If it is said: If we posit a word that is homonymous between a whole, its part, and its concomitant—such as the word 'sun,' which is homonymous, for example, between the celestial body, the ray, and their combination—then if it is applied to the combination by correspondence, and its signification of the celestial body is considered as inclusion, and the ray as concomitance, then it would be true of this inclusion and concomitance that it is the signification of the word for the entirety of what it was posited for. And if it is applied to the celestial body or the ray by correspondence, it would be true of it that it is the signification of the word for a part of what it was posited for or its concomitant. In that case, the definition of each of the three significations is invalidated by the other two. The answer is that the qualification of 'respect' (haythiyyah) is included in the definition of things that differ by virtue of their relations, such that correspondence is the signification of the entirety of what it was posited for, in the respect that it is the entirety of what it was posited for; inclusion is the signification of a part of what it was posited for, in the respect that it is a part of what it was posited for; and concomitance is the signification of its concomitant, in the respect that it is a concomitant of what it was posited for. Often, they omit this qualification, relying on its fame, the mind's inclination toward it, and its condition.

فَإِنْ قِيلَ إِلَخِ الْغَرَضُ مِنْ هَذَا الِاعْتِرَاضِ إِفْسَادُ تَعَارِيفِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ بِأَنَّهَا غَيْرُ مَانِعَةٍ لِدُخُولِ فَرْدٍ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ كُلٍّ مِنْهَا فِي الْآخَرِ.

Regarding 'If it is said, etc.': The purpose of this objection is to invalidate the definitions of the three mentioned [significations] on the grounds that they are not exclusive, as an instance of each one of them enters into the other.

[الدَّسُوقِيُّ: ٢٦٧/٣] كَلَفْظِ الشَّمْسِ فِيهِ أَنَّهُ لَا يَصْدُقُ عَلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ مُشْتَرَكٌ بَيْنَ الْكُلِّ وَجُزْئِهِ وَلَازِمِهِ؛ إِذِ الْكُلُّ هُوَ الْمَجْمُوعُ وَالشُّعَاعُ غَيْرُ لَازِمٍ لَهُ بَلْ لِلْجِرْمِ وَأُجِيبَ بِأَنَّهُ إِذَا كَانَ لَازِمًا لِلْجِرْمِ كَانَ لَازِمًا لِلْمَجْمُوعِ

[Al-Dasuqi: 3/267] As for the word 'sun,' the point is that it is not true of it that it is homonymous between the whole, its part, and its concomitant; for the whole is the combination, and the ray is not a concomitant of it, but rather of the celestial body. It was answered that if it is a concomitant of the celestial body, it is a concomitant of the combination.

هَذَا الْإِشْكَالُ عَلَى رُجُوعِ ضَمِيرِ لَازِمِهِ إِلَى الْمَجْمُوعِ، وَهُوَ غَيْرُ مُتَعَيِّنٍ؛ إِذْ يَصِحُّ رُجُوعُهُ إِلَى الْجُزْءِ وَعَلَيْهِ فَلَا إِشْكَالَ.

This difficulty concerns the reference of the pronoun in 'its concomitant' to the combination, but that is not definitive; for it is valid for it to refer to the part, and upon that, there is no difficulty.

(الدَّسُوقِيُّ) الْمُشْتَرَكُ مَثَلًا أَيْ إِنْ فُرِضَ أَنَّ لَفْظَ "شَمْسٍ" مَوْضُوعٌ لِلْمَجْمُوعِ الْقُرْصِ وَالشُّعَاعِ بِوَضْعٍ، وَلِلْقُرْصِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَحَدُ الْجُزْأَيْنِ بِوَضْعٍ، وَلِلشُّعَاعِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَحَدُ الْجُزْأَيْنِ وَلَازِمٌ لِلْقُرْصِ بِوَضْعٍ.

(Al-Dasuqi) 'Homonymous, for example,' meaning: if it is supposed that the word 'sun' is posited for the combination of the disk and the ray by one positing, for the disk—which is one of the two parts—by a positing, and for the ray—which is one of the two parts and a concomitant of the disk—by a positing.

وَالشُّعَاعُ الْتِزَامًا أَيْ لَا بِاعْتِبَارِ هَذَا الْوَضْعِ أَعْنِي الْوَضْعَ لِلْمَجْمُوعِ؛ إِذْ هُوَ بِاعْتِبَارِهِ جُزْءٌ لَا لَازِمٌ، بَلْ بِاعْتِبَارِ قَطْعًا، وَمَبْنَى وَضْعٍ آخَرَ، وَهُوَ وَضْعُ الشَّمْسِ لِلْجِرْمِ فَقَطْ.

'And the ray by concomitance,' meaning: not by virtue of this positing, I mean the positing for the combination; for it is, by virtue of that, a part, not a concomitant, but rather by virtue of another positing, which is the positing of 'sun' for the celestial body only.

(الدَّسُوقِيُّ) الْمَوْضُوعُ لَهُ فَيَكُونُ تَعْرِيفُ الْمُطَابَقَةِ غَيْرَ مَانِعٍ.

(Al-Dasuqi) 'What it was posited for,' so the definition of correspondence is not exclusive.

صَدَقَ عَلَيْهَا: أَيْ عَلَى دَلَالَةِ الشَّمْسِ عَلَى الْجِرْمِ مُطَابَقَةً أَوْ عَلَى الشُّعَاعِ مُطَابَقَةً (الدَّسُوقِيُّ) أَوْ لَازِمِهِ أَيْ فَيَكُونُ تَعْرِيفَا التَّضَمُّنِ وَالِالْتِزَامِ غَيْرَ مَانِعَيْنِ

'It was true of it,' meaning: of the signification of the sun for the celestial body by correspondence, or for the ray by correspondence. (Al-Dasuqi) 'Or its concomitant,' meaning: so the two definitions of inclusion and concomitance are not exclusive.

الْأُمُورَ الَّتِي تَخْتَلِفُ وَذَلِكَ كَالدَّلَالَاتِ الثَّلَاثِ؛ فَإِنَّهَا تَخْتَلِفُ بِالنِّسْبَةِ وَالْإِضَافَةِ لِلْكُلِّ أَوِ الْجُزْءِ أَوِ اللَّازِمِ، فَدَلَالَةُ الشَّمْسِ عَلَى الشُّعَاعِ يُقَالُ: مُطَابَقِيَّةٌ، وَتَضَمُّنِيَّةٌ، وَالْتِزَامِيَّةٌ بِاعْتِبَارِ إِضَافَةِ تِلْكَ الدَّلَالَةِ لِكُلِّ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ اللَّفْظُ أَوِ الْجُزْءِ لَهُ أَوْ لَازِمِهِ [الدَّسُوقِيُّ:

Things that differ, such as the three significations; for they differ by relation and attribution to the whole, the part, or the concomitant. Thus, the signification of the sun for the ray is called: correspondence, inclusion, and concomitance, by virtue of the attribution of that signification to the entirety of what the word was posited for, or its part, or its concomitant. [Al-Dasuqi: 268]

حَتَّى إِلَخِ حَتَّى تَفْرِيعِيَّةٌ، أَيْ وَحَيْثُ كَانَ قَيْدُ الْحَيْثِيَّةِ مُعْتَبَرًا فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْأُمُورِ الْمُتَبَايِنَةِ بِالْإِضَافَةِ كَالدَّلَالَاتِ، فَتُعَرَّفُ الْمُطَابَقِيَّةُ بِالدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى تَمَامِ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ تَمَامُ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ أَيْ لَا مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ جُزْءُ الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ أَوْ لَازِمُهُ، فَلَا تَدْخُلُ التَّضَمُّنِيَّةُ وَالِالْتِزَامِيَّةُ فِيهَا، وَقِسْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ تَعْرِيفَ التَّضَمُّنِيَّةِ وَالِالْتِزَامِيَّةِ (الدَّسُوقِيُّ)

'Until, etc.': 'Until' is for derivation, meaning: since the qualification of 'respect' is considered in the definition of things that are distinct by relation, such as the significations, then correspondence is defined as the signification of the entirety of what it was posited for, in the respect that it is the entirety of what it was posited for—meaning not in the respect that it is a part of what it was posited for or its concomitant—so inclusion and concomitance do not enter into it. Analogize to that the definition of inclusion and concomitance. (Al-Dasuqi)

Vocabulary · المفردات (10 verbs · 23 nouns)

• قَالَ — to say
• فَرَضَ — to assume
• أَطْلَقَ — to apply
• اعْتَبَرَ — to consider
• صَدَقَ — to be true
• وَضَعَ — to coin/assign meaning
• انْتَقَضَ — to be invalidated
• أَخَذَ — to take
• اخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• فَنٌّ — art
• دَلَالَةٌ — indication
• لَفْظٌ — word
• كُلٌّ — whole
• جُزْءٌ — part
• لَازِمٌ — necessary consequence
• شَمْسٌ — sun
• جِرْمٌ — body
• شُعَاعٌ — ray
• مَجْمُوعٌ — sum
• مُطَابَقَةٌ — correspondence
• تَضَمُّنٌ — inclusion
• الْتِزَامٌ — implication
• تَمَامٌ — entirety
• مَوْضُوعٌ — that which is assigned
• تَعْرِيفٌ — definition
• حَيْثِيَّةٌ — aspect
• أَمْرٌ — matter
• اعْتِبَارٌ — consideration
• إِضَافَةٌ — addition
• شُهْرَةٌ — fame
• ذِهْنٌ — mind
• شَرْطٌ — condition