Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 7

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

اَلْفَنُّ اَلثَّانِي: اَلدَّلَالَةُ.

The second art: Signification.

إِنَّمَا هِيَ مِنْ جِهَةِ حُكْمِ اَلْعَقْلِ بِأَنَّ حُصُولَ اَلْكُلِّ وَالْمَلْزُومِ يَسْتَلْزِمُ حُصُولَ اَلْجُزْءِ أَوِ اَللَّازِمِ،

It is only by virtue of the intellect's judgment that the presence of the whole or the necessitated implies the presence of the part or the necessary.

وَالْمَنْطِقِيُّونَ يُسَمُّونَ اَلثَّلَاثَةَ وَضْعِيَّةً بِاعْتِبَارِ أَنَّ لِلْوَضْعِ مَدْخَلًا فِيهَا،

Logicians classify all three as conventional, given that linguistic convention plays a role in them.

وَيَخُصُّونَ اَلْعَقْلِيَّةَ بِمَا تُقَابِلُ اَلْوَضْعِيَّةَ وَالطَّبْعِيَّةَ كَدَلَالَةِ اَلدُّخَانِ عَلَى اَلنَّارِ،

They reserve the term 'intellectual' for that which stands in contrast to the conventional and the natural, such as smoke indicating fire.

وَتُقَيَّدُ اَلْأُولَى مِنْ لَفْظِيَّةٍ كَانَتْ أَوْ غَيْرِ لَفْظِيَّةٍ.

The former is qualified as either verbal or non-verbal.

مِثَالٌ لِلْعَقْلِيَّةِ: اَلدَّلَالَاتُ اَلثَّلَاثُ بِالْمُطَابَقَةِ لِتَطَابُقِ اَللَّفْظِ وَالْمَعْنَى،

An example of intellectual signification: the three types of correspondence-based indication, where the word and meaning align.

وَالثَّانِيَةُ بِالتَّضَمُّنِ؛ لِكَوْنِ اَلْجُزْءِ فِي ضِمْنِ اَلْمَعْنَى اَلْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ،

The second is inclusion, as the part exists within the meaning assigned to the word.

وَالثَّالِثَةُ بِالِالْتِزَامِ؛ لِكَوْنِ اَلْخَارِجِ لَازِمًا لِلْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ، فَيُفْهَمُ عِنْدَ فَهْمِهِ.

The third is implication, as the external object is necessary to the assigned meaning and is understood when that meaning is grasped.

هَذَا اَلْحَصْرُ يَقْتَضِي أَنَّ اَلْوَضْعَ لَا مَدْخَلَ لَهُ فِيهِمَا، وَلَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ؛ إِذْ هُوَ جُزْءُ سَبَبٍ؛

This limitation implies that convention plays no part in the latter two, which is incorrect, as it acts as a partial cause.

لِأَنَّ كُلًّا مِنْهُمَا يَتَوَقَّفُ عَلَى مُقَدِّمَتَيْنِ: إِحْدَاهُمَا وَضْعِيَّةٌ وَالْأُخْرَى عَقْلِيَّةٌ،

Each depends on two premises: one conventional and one intellectual.

وَهُمَا كُلَّمَا فُهِمَ اَللَّفْظُ فُهِمَ مَعْنَاهُ، وَكُلَّمَا فُهِمَ مَعْنَاهُ فُهِمَ جُزْؤُهُ أَوْ لَازِمُهُ،

These are: whenever the word is understood, its meaning is understood; and whenever the meaning is understood, its part or its necessary consequence is understood.

يَنْتُجُ أَنَّهُ كُلَّمَا فُهِمَ اَللَّفْظُ فُهِمَ جُزْءُ مَعْنَاهُ أَوْ لَازِمُهُ،

It follows that whenever the word is understood, the part of its meaning or its necessary consequence is understood.

وَالْمُقَدِّمَةُ اَلْأُولَى مُتَوَقِّفَةٌ عَلَى اَلْوَضْعِ؛ لِأَنَّ فَهْمَ اَلْمَعْنَى مُتَوَقِّفٌ عَلَى اَلْعِلْمِ بِالْوَضْعِ،

The first premise depends on convention, as understanding the meaning requires knowledge of that convention.

وَالْمُقَدِّمَةُ اَلثَّانِيَةُ مُتَوَقِّفَةٌ عَلَى اَلْعَقْلِ؛ لِأَنَّ فَهْمَ اَلْجُزْءِ أَوِ اَللَّازِمِ مُتَوَقِّفٌ عَلَى اِنْتِقَالِ اَلْعَقْلِ مِنَ اَلْكُلِّ إِلَى اَلْجُزْءِ وَمِنَ اَلْمَلْزُومِ إِلَى اَللَّازِمِ،

The second premise depends on the intellect, as grasping the part or the necessary requires the mind to transition from the whole to the part, or from the necessitated to the necessary.

فَمَنْ نَظَرَ إِلَى اَلْمُقَدِّمَةِ اَلْأُولَى سَمَّى اَلتَّضَمُّنِيَّةَ وَالِالْتِزَامِيَّةَ وَضْعِيَّتَيْنِ،

Those who focus on the first premise label inclusion and implication as conventional.

وَمَنْ نَظَرَ لِلثَّانِيَةِ سَمَّاهُمَا عَقْلِيَّتَيْنِ كَالْبَيَانِيِّينَ،

Those who focus on the second label them as intellectual, as the rhetoricians do.

وَأُجِيبَ بِأَنَّ هَذَا حَصْرٌ إِضَافِيٌّ، أَيْ إِنَّمَا هِيَ مِنْ جِهَةِ حُكْمِ اَلْعَقْلِ لَا مِنْ جِهَةِ اَلْوَضْعِ وَحْدَهُ لِلْجُزْءِ أَوِ اَللَّازِمِ،

The response is that this is a relative classification; it is based on the intellect's judgment, not solely on the convention governing the part or the necessary.

فَلَا يُنَافِي أَنَّهُ مِنْ جِهَةِ اَلْعَقْلِ وَالْوَضْعِ مَعًا.

This does not preclude it from being a product of both intellect and convention combined.

فَقَدِ اِعْتَبَرُوا فِي تَسْمِيَتِهِمَا وَضْعِيَّتَيْنِ اَلسَّبَبَ اَلْبَعِيدَ، وَهُوَ مَدْخَلِيَّةُ اَلْوَضْعِ.

In labeling them conventional, they considered the remote cause, which is the role of convention.

مِنَ اَلدَّلَالَاتِ إِلَخْ اَلْمُرَادُ مِنَ اَلدَّلَالَةِ اَلدَّلَالَةُ اَلْمَقْصُودَةُ اَلْمُسْتَعْمَلَةُ،

Signification here refers to the intended, applied meaning.

فَإِنْ كَانَ اَللَّفْظُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا فِي اَلْمَدْلُولِ اَلْمُطَابِقِيِّ فَالْدَّلَالَةُ مُطَابِقِيَّةٌ،

If a word is used to signify its full meaning, the indication is correspondent.

وَإِنِ اُسْتُعْمِلَ فِي اَلْمَدْلُولِ اَلتَّضَمُّنِيِّ كَانَتْ تَضَمُّنِيَّةً،

If it is used to signify a part of the meaning, it is inclusionary.

وَإِنِ اُسْتُعْمِلَ فِي اَلْخَارِجِ اَللَّازِمِ كَانَتِ الْتِزَامِيَّةً،

If it is used to signify an external necessary consequence, it is implicational.

هَذَا عِنْدَ عُلَمَاءِ اَلْبَيَانِ،

This is the view of the rhetoricians.

وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ اَلْمِيزَانِ فَإِنَّ عِنْدَهُمْ كُلَّ لَفْظٍ أُرِيدَ بِهِ مَعْنَاهُ اَلْحَقِيقِيُّ أَوِ اَلْمَجَازِيُّ، فَدَلَالَتُهُ عَلَيْهِ مُطَابِقِيَّةٌ

For the logicians, any word intended to convey its literal or metaphorical meaning is considered a correspondent indication.

وَالتَّضَمُّنِيُّ وَالِالْتِزَامِيُّ تَبَعٌ لِلْمُطَابِقِيِّ وَمَفْهُومَانِ فِي فَهْمِهِ.

Inclusion and implication are secondary to correspondence and are grasped through it.

اِعْلَمْ أَنَّهُمُ اِخْتَلَفُوا هَلْ فِي اَلتَّضَمُّنِ وَالِالْتِزَامِ فَهْمُ اَلْجُزْءِ وَاللَّازِمِ مُطْلَقًا

Note that there is disagreement over whether inclusion and implication necessarily involve grasping the part and the necessary in all cases.

وَالْمَشْهُورُ هُوَ اَلثَّانِي، وَعَلَيْهِ فَهْمُ اَلْجُزْءِ وَاللَّازِمِ مِنَ اَللَّفْظِ عَلَى اَلِاسْتِقْلَالِ مِنْ دَلَالَةِ اَلْمُطَابَقَةِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مَجَازًا؛

The prevailing view is the latter, according to which understanding the part or the necessary independently from the word is a form of correspondence, even if metaphorical.

لِأَنَّهُ دَلَالَةُ اَللَّفْظِ عَلَى تَمَامِ اَلْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ بِالْوَضْعِ اَلنَّوْعِيِّ؛

This is because it constitutes the word's indication of its entire assigned meaning through generic convention.

إِذِ اَلْوَضْعُ فِي اَلْمُطَابَقَةِ أَعَمُّ مِنَ اَلشَّخْصِيِّ وَالنَّوْعِيِّ.

Convention in correspondence is broader than both the specific and the generic.

Vocabulary · المفردات (18 verbs · 82 nouns)

• اِسْتَلْزَمَ — to necessitate
• سَمَّى — to name
• خَصَّ — to specify
• قَابَلَ — to correspond
• قَيَّدَ — to restrict
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• اِقْتَضَى — to require
• تَوَقَّفَ — to depend
• نَتَجَ — to result
• نَظَرَ — to look
• أَجَابَ — to answer
• نَافَى — to contradict
• اِعْتَبَرَ — to consider
• اِسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• أَرَادَ — to want
• عَلِمَ — to know
• اِخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• أَطْلَقَ — to release
• فَنٌّ — art
• دَلَالَةٌ — indication
• جِهَةٌ — side
• حُكْمٌ — judgment
• عَقْلٌ — intellect
• حُصُولٌ — attainment
• كُلٌّ — whole
• مَلْزُومٌ — necessitated
• جُزْءٌ — part
• لَازِمٌ — necessary
• مَنْطِقِيٌّ — logician
• ثَلَاثَةٌ — three
• وَضْعِيَّةٌ — conventional
• اِعْتِبَارٌ — consideration
• وَضْعٌ — convention
• مَدْخَلٌ — role or influence
• عَقْلِيَّةٌ — intellectual
• طَبْعِيَّةٌ — natural
• دُخَانٌ — smoke
• نَارٌ — fire
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• لَفْظِيَّةٌ — verbal
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• مُطَابَقَةٌ — correspondence
• تَطَابُقٌ — congruence
• لَفْظٌ — word
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• ثَانِيَةٌ — second
• تَضَمُّنٌ — inclusion
• ضِمْنٌ — within
• مَوْضُوعٌ — subject
• ثَالِثَةٌ — third
• اِلْتِزَامٌ — implication
• خَارِجٌ — exterior
• تَضَمُّنِيَّةٌ — inclusionary
• اِلْتِزَامِيَّةٌ — implicational
• حَصْرٌ — limitation
• سَبَبٌ — cause
• مُقَدِّمَةٌ — premise
• إِحْدَى — one
• أُخْرَى — other
• عِلْمٌ — knowledge
• اِنْتِقَالٌ — transition
• بَيَانِيٌّ — rhetorician
• إِضَافِيٌّ — relative
• وَحْدٌ — alone
• دُخُولٌ — entry
• قَرِيبٌ — near
• مُطَابِقِيَّةٌ — correspondential
• تَامٌّ — complete
• بَعِيدٌ — far
• أَخِيرٌ — last
• وَاحِدَةٌ — one
• أَمْرٌ — matter
• تَسْمِيَةٌ — naming
• مَدْخَلِيَّةٌ — role or influence
• مُرَادٌ — intended
• مَقْصُودٌ — intended
• مُسْتَعْمَلٌ — used
• مَدْلُولٌ — signified
• مُطَابِقِيٌّ — correspondential
• تَضَمُّنِيٌّ — inclusionary
• اِلْتِزَامِيٌّ — implicational
• عَالِمٌ — scholar
• بَيَانٌ — rhetoric
• أَهْلٌ — people
• مِيزَانٌ — logic
• حَقِيقِيٌّ — real
• مَجَازِيٌّ — metaphorical
• تَبَعٌ — consequence
• مَفْهُومٌ — concept
• إِضَافَةٌ — addition
• مُطْلَقٌ — absolute
• اِسْتِقْلَالٌ — independence
• اِسْمٌ — name
• شَرْطٌ — condition
• مَشْهُورٌ — famous
• مَجَازٌ — metaphor
• تَمَامٌ — entirety
• نَوْعِيٌّ — generic
• أَعَمٌّ — more general
• شَخْصِيٌّ — personal