Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 9

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الثَّانِي الدَّلَالَةُ أَيِ الِالْتِزَامُ اللُّزُومُ الذِّهْنِيُّ أَيْ كَوْنُ الْمَعْنَى الْخَارِجِيِّ بِحَيْثُ يَلْزَمُ مِنْ حُصُولِ الْمَعْنَى الْخَارِجِ عَنْ مَعْنَى اللَّفْظِ الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ فِي الذِّهْنِ حُصُولُهُ فِيهِ إِمَّا عَلَى الْفَوْرِ أَوْ بَعْدَ التَّأَمُّلِ فِي الْقَرَائِنِ وَالْأَمَارَاتِ،

The second art is indication, meaning implication: mental necessity, which is the state of an external meaning such that the occurrence of the meaning external to the meaning of the word for which it was coined in the mind necessitates its occurrence therein, either immediately or after reflection upon the context and indicators.

وَلَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ بِاللُّزُومِ عَدَمُ انْفِكَاكِ تَعَقُّلِ الْمَدْلُولِ الِالْتِزَامِيِّ عَنْ تَعَقُّلِ الْمُسَمَّى فِي الذِّهْنِ أَصْلًا، أَعْنِي اللُّزُومَ الْبَيِّنَ الْمُعْتَبَرَ عِنْدَ الْمَنْطِقِيِّينَ،

The intended meaning of necessity is not the absolute inseparability of conceiving the implied meaning from conceiving the named object in the mind, meaning the manifest necessity considered by the logicians.

وَإِلَّا لَخَرَجَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ مَعَانِي الْمَجَازَاتِ وَالْكِنَايَاتِ عَنْ أَنْ تَكُونَ مَدْلُولَاتٍ الْتِزَامِيَّةً، وَلَمَا تَأَتَّى الِاخْتِلَافُ بِالْوُضُوحِ فِي دَلَالَةِ الِالْتِزَامِ أَيْضًا،

Otherwise, many meanings of metaphors and metonymies would fail to be implied meanings, and the variation in clarity within the indication of implication would not be possible either.

وَتَقْيِيدُ اللُّزُومِ بِالذِّهْنِ إِشَارَةٌ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَا يُشْتَرَطُ.

Qualifying necessity with the mind is an indication that it is not a condition.

أَيِ الِالْتِزَامُ أَشَارَ بِذَلِكَ إِلَى أَنَّ تَذْكِيرَ الضَّمِيرِ فِي شَرْطِهِ لِتَذْكِيرِ لَفْظِ الِالْتِزَامِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مَعْنَاهُ مُؤَنَّثًا، أَيِ اللُّزُومُ الذِّهْنِيُّ اعْلَمْ أَنَّ اللُّزُومَ إِمَّا ذِهْنِيٌّ وَخَارِجِيٌّ كَلُزُومِ الزَّوْجِيَّةِ لِلْأَرْبَعَةِ أَوْ ذِهْنِيٌّ فَقَطْ كَلُزُومِ الْبَصَرِ لِلْعَمَى أَوْ خَارِجِيٌّ فَقَطْ،

Meaning implication: he indicated by that that the masculine pronoun in 'its condition' is due to the masculine word 'implication', even if its meaning is feminine, meaning mental necessity. Know that necessity is either mental and external, like the necessity of evenness for the number four, or mental only, like the necessity of sight for blindness, or external only.

وَالْمُعْتَبَرُ فِي دَلَالَةِ الِالْتِزَامِ بِاتِّفَاقِ الْبَيَانِيِّينَ وَالْمَنَاطِقَةِ اللُّزُومُ الذِّهْنِيُّ، صَاحَبَهُ لُزُومٌ خَارِجِيٌّ أَوْ لَا،

What is considered in the indication of implication, by the agreement of the rhetoricians and the logicians, is mental necessity, whether or not it is accompanied by external necessity.

وَلِذَا قَالَ الْمُصَنِّفُ وَشَرْطُهُ اللُّزُومُ الذِّهْنِيُّ وَالْمُرَادُ بِاللُّزُومِ الذِّهْنِيِّ عِنْدَ الْبَيَانِيِّينَ مَا يَشْمَلُ اللُّزُومَ غَيْرَ الْبَيِّنِ،

Therefore, the author said: 'And its condition is mental necessity.' The intended meaning of mental necessity according to the rhetoricians is that which includes non-manifest necessity.

وَهُوَ مَا لَا يَكْفِي فِي جَزْمِ الْعَقْلِ بِهِ تَصَوُّرُ اللَّازِمِ وَالْمَلْزُومِ، بَلْ يَتَوَقَّفُ عَلَى وَسَائِطَ كَلُزُومِ كَثْرَةِ الرَّمَادِ لِلْكَرَمِ وَمَا يَشْمَلُ اللُّزُومَ الْبَيِّنَ بِقِسْمَيْهِ، أَعْنِي الْبَيِّنَ بِالْمَعْنَى الْأَخَصِّ وَالْبَيِّنَ بِالْمَعْنَى الْأَعَمِّ خِلَافًا لِلْمَنَاطِقَةِ.

This is that which is not sufficient for the intellect to be certain of by merely conceiving the necessary and the necessitated, but rather depends on intermediaries, like the necessity of an abundance of ash for generosity, and it includes manifest necessity in its two divisions, meaning the manifest in the specific sense and the manifest in the general sense, contrary to the logicians.

بِحَيْثُ يَلْزَمُ إِلَخْ: مِثْلُ لُزُومِ الضَّحِكِ لِلْإِنْسَانِ؛ فَإِنَّهُ يَلْزَمُ مِنْ حُصُولِ مَعْنَى الْإِنْسَانِ الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ لِلْحَيَوَانِ النَّاطِقِ فِي الذِّهْنِ حُصُولُ الضَّحِكِ فِيهِ.

'Such that it necessitates, etc.': Like the necessity of laughter for a human; for it necessitates, from the occurrence of the meaning of 'human'—which is coined for the rational animal—in the mind, the occurrence of laughter therein.

يَلْزَمُ مِنْ حُصُولِ الْمَعْنَى: فَإِنَّهُ لَوْلَا اللُّزُومُ لَكَانَتْ نِسْبَةُ الْخَارِجِ إِلَى الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ كَنِسْبَةِ سَائِرِ الْخَارِجِيَّاتِ إِلَيْهِ، فَدَلَالَةُ اللَّفْظِ عَلَيْهِ دُونَ غَيْرِهِ يَكُونُ تَرْجِيحًا بِلَا مُرَجِّحٍ.

'It necessitates from the occurrence of the meaning': For were it not for the necessity, the relation of the external to that for which it is coined would be like the relation of all other external things to it, so the indication of the word to it rather than another would be a preference without a preferrer.

عَلَى الْفَوْرِ وَذَلِكَ فِي اللُّزُومِ الْبَيِّنِ بِقِسْمَيْهِ.

'Immediately': This is in manifest necessity in its two divisions.

بَعْدَ التَّأَمُّلِ وَذَلِكَ فِي اللُّزُومِ الْغَيْرِ الْبَيِّنِ.

'After reflection': This is in non-manifest necessity.

وَإِلَّا لَخَرَجَ مَعَ أَنَّ الْقَوْمَ أَدْخَلُوهَا فِي مَدْلُولَاتٍ الْتِزَامِيَّةً.

'Otherwise it would be excluded': Even though the scholars have included them in implied meanings.

كَثِيرٌ مِنْ مَعَانِي إِلَخْ قِيلَ: إِنَّ كَلَامَ الشَّارِحِ يَقْتَضِي دَلَالَةَ الْمَجَازِ عَلَى مَعْنَاهُ الْمَجَازِيِّ بِالِالْتِزَامِ وَهُوَ مُخَالِفٌ لِمَا صَرَّحَ بِهِ الشَّارِحُ فِي شَرْحِ الشَّمْسِيَّةِ مِنْ أَنَّ دَلَالَةَ الْمَجَازِ عَلَى مَعْنَاهُ الْمَجَازِيِّ بِالْمُطَابَقَةِ وَأَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالْوَضْعِ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الدَّلَالَاتِ أَعَمُّ مِنَ الشَّخْصِيِّ وَالنَّوْعِيِّ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ الْمَجَازُ وَالْمُرَكَّبَاتُ،

'Many meanings, etc.': It has been said that the commentator's words imply the indication of a metaphor to its metaphorical meaning by implication, and this contradicts what the commentator stated in the commentary on Al-Shamsiyyah, that the indication of a metaphor to its metaphorical meaning is by correspondence, and that the intended meaning of 'coining' in the definition of indications is more general than the personal and the specific, so that metaphors and compounds may be included.

وَقَدْ يُجَابُ بِأَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِقَوْلِهِ: عَنْ أَنْ تَكُونَ مَدْلُولَاتٍ الْتِزَامِيَّةً أَيْ بِحَسَبِ الْوَضْعِ الْأَصْلِيِّ، فَلَا يُنَافِي بِحَسَبِ الْوَضْعِ الْأَصْلِيِّ، فَلَا يُنَافِي أَنَّهَا بِحَسَبِ الْوَضْعِ الْمَجَازِيِّ مَدْلُولَاتٌ مُطَابِقِيَّةٌ.

It may be answered that what is intended by his saying 'from being implied meanings' is according to the original coining, so it does not contradict that they are, according to the metaphorical coining, correspondence meanings.

وَلَمَا تَأَتَّى الِاخْتِلَافُ إِلَخْ وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ إِذَا كَانَ مَعْنَى اللُّزُومِ عَدَمَ الِانْفِكَاكِ، فَكُلُّ لَازِمٍ بِهَذَا الْمَعْنَى لَا يَنْفَكُّ عَنِ الْمَلْزُومِ، فَيَكُونُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ لَوَازِمِ الشَّيْءِ مُسَاوِيًا لِلْآخَرِ فِي الْوُضُوحِ وَالْخَفَاءِ؛ لِأَنَّ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ اللَّوَازِمِ لَا يَنْفَكُّ عَنِ الْمَلْزُومِ بِهَذَا الْمَعْنَى.

'And the variation would not be possible, etc.': This is because if the meaning of necessity is non-inseparability, then every necessary thing in this sense does not separate from the necessitated, so each of the necessities of a thing would be equal to the other in clarity and obscurity; because each of the necessities does not separate from the necessitated in this sense.

الِالْتِزَامُ أَيْضًا أَيْ كَمَا لَمْ يَتَأَتَّ الِاخْتِلَافُ فِي الدَّلَالَةِ الْمُطَابِقِيَّةِ.

'Implication also': Meaning, just as the variation did not occur in the indication of correspondence.

لَا يُشْتَرَطُ أَيْ فِي دَلَالَةِ الِالْتِزَامِ لَا اسْتِقْلَالًا وَلَا تَضَمُّنًا لِلذِّهْنِيِّ.

'It is not a condition': Meaning, in the indication of implication, neither independently nor by inclusion for the mental [necessity].

Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 74 nouns)

• لَزِمَ — to be necessary
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• تَعَقَّلَ — to comprehend
• خَرَجَ — to exit
• تَأَتَّى — to be possible
• أَشَارَ — to point out
• ذَكَّرَ — to make masculine
• عَلِمَ — to know
• شَمِلَ — to include
• كَفَى — to suffice
• تَصَوَّرَ — to imagine
• تَوَقَّفَ — to depend on
• قَالَ — to say
• كَانَ — to be
• أَدْخَلَ — to insert
• اِقْتَضَى — to require
• صَرَّحَ — to declare
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• أَجَابَ — to answer
• نَافَى — to contradict
• اِنْفَكَّ — to separate
• اِشْتَرَطَ — to stipulate
• فَنٌّ — art
• دَلَالَةٌ — indication
• الْتِزَامٌ — implication
• لُزُومٌ — necessity
• ذِهْنٌ — mind
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• خَارِجٌ — exterior
• حُصُولٌ — occurrence
• لَفْظٌ — word
• مَوْضُوعٌ — subject
• فَوْرٌ — immediacy
• تَأَمُّلٌ — contemplation
• قَرِينَةٌ — clue
• أَمَارَةٌ — sign
• مُرَادٌ — intended meaning
• انْفِكَاكٌ — separation
• مَدْلُولٌ — signified
• مُسَمًّى — named
• مَنْطِقِيٌّ — logician
• كَثِيرٌ — many
• مَجَازٌ — metaphor
• كِنَايَةٌ — metonymy
• اخْتِلَافٌ — disagreement
• وُضُوحٌ — clarity
• تَقْيِيدٌ — restriction
• إِشَارَةٌ — indication
• شَرْطٌ — condition
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• مُؤَنَّثٌ — feminine
• زَوْجِيَّةٌ — evenness
• أَرْبَعَةٌ — four
• بَصَرٌ — sight
• عَمًى — blindness
• بَيَانِيٌّ — rhetorician
• مَنَاطِقَةٌ — logicians
• مُصَنِّفٌ — author
• عَقْلٌ — intellect
• تَصَوُّرٌ — conception
• لَازِمٌ — necessary consequence
• مَلْزُومٌ — that which necessitates
• وَسِيطَةٌ — intermediary
• كَثْرَةٌ — abundance
• رَمَادٌ — ash
• كَرَمٌ — generosity
• قِسْمٌ — part
• أَخَصُّ — more specific
• أَعَمُّ — more general
• خِلَافٌ — opposition
• ضَحِكٌ — laughter
• إِنْسَانٌ — human
• حَيَوَانٌ — animal
• نَاطِقٌ — rational
• نِسْبَةٌ — relation
• تَرْجِيحٌ — preference
• مُرَجِّحٌ — preferential factor
• قَوْمٌ — people
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• شَارِحٌ — commentator
• شَرْحٌ — commentary
• شَمْسِيَّةٌ — Shamsiyyah
• مُطَابَقَةٌ — correspondence
• وَضْعٌ — convention
• تَعْرِيفٌ — definition
• شَخْصِيٌّ — personal
• نَوْعِيٌّ — generic
• مُرَكَّبٌ — compound
• أَصْلِيٌّ — original
• مَجَازِيٌّ — metaphorical
• مُطَابِقِيٌّ — correspondential
• شَيْءٌ — thing
• مُسَاوٍ — equal
• خَفَاءٌ — obscurity
• اسْتِقْلَالٌ — independence
• تَضَمُّنٌ — inclusion