Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 178

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الثَّانِي.

The second art.

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ.

Literal and figurative language.

دَعْوَى السَّبُعِيَّةِ لِلْمَنِيَّةِ مَعَ التَّصْرِيحِ بِلَفْظِ الْمَنِيَّةِ، وَفِيهِ نَظَرٌ؛ لِأَنَّ مَا ذَكَرَهُ لَا يَقْتَضِي فِي هَذَا الْجَوَابِ مِنْ ادِّعَاءِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ لِلْمَنِيَّةِ كَوْنَ الْمُرَادِ بِالْمَنِيَّةِ غَيْرَ مَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ لِلْقَطْعِ بِأَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِهَا الْمَوْتُ، وَهَذَا اللَّفْظُ الْمَوْضُوعُ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ وَجَعْلُهُ مُرَادِفًا لِلَفْظِ السَّبُعِ قَدْ سَبَقَ لَفْظُ مَنِيَّةٍ بِالتَّأْوِيلِ الْمَذْكُورِ لَا يَقْتَضِي أَنْ يَكُونَ اسْتِعْمَالُهُ فِي الْمَوْتِ اسْتِعَارَةً، وَيُمْكِنُ الْجَوَابُ بِأَنَّهُ عَنْ أَصْلِ الِاعْتِرَاضِ أَنَّ قَيْدَ الْحَيْثِيَّةِ مُرَادٌ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْحَقِيقَةِ أَيْ هِيَ الْكَلِمَةُ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةُ فِيمَا هِيَ مَوْضُوعَةٌ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهَا مَوْضُوعَةٌ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ وَلَا نُسَلِّمُ أَنَّ اسْتِعْمَالَ لَفْظِ الْمَنِيَّةِ فِي الْمَوْتِ فِي مِثْلِ أَظْفَارِ الْمَنِيَّةِ اسْتِعْمَالٌ فِيمَا وُضِعَ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ مِثْلُهُ فِي قَوْلِنَا دَنَتْ مَنِيَّةُ فُلَانٍ مِنْ حَيْثُ إِنَّ الْمَوْتَ جُعِلَ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ السَّبُعِ الَّذِي لَفْظُ الْمَنِيَّةِ مَوْضُوعٌ لَهُ بِالتَّأْوِيلِ، وَهَذَا الْجَوَابُ قَرُبَتْ دَعْوَى السَّبُعِيَّةِ إِلَخْ أَيْ يَتَأَتَّى لَنَا بِالطَّرِيقِ الْمَذْكُورِ أَمْرَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا: ادِّعَاءُ ثُبُوتِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ لِلْمَنِيَّةِ؛ لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ لَازِمٌ لِإِدْخَالِهَا فِي جِنْسِهِ وَالثَّانِي: صِحَّةُ إِطْلَاقِ لَفْظِ الْمَنِيَّةِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ السَّبُعِ الِادِّعَائِيِّ؛ لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ لَازِمُ التَّرَادُفِ بَيْنَ اللَّفْظَيْنِ.

The claim of 'predatoriness' for 'death' (al-maniyyah) while explicitly using the word 'maniyyah' is open to scrutiny; because what he mentioned in this answer regarding the claim of predatoriness for death does not necessitate that what is meant by 'maniyyah' is other than what it was literally coined for, such that it would enter into the definition of metaphor, because it is certain that what is meant by it is death, and this word is what it was literally coined for, and making it synonymous with the word 'predator' (al-sab')—the word 'maniyyah' having already been mentioned with the aforementioned interpretation—does not necessitate that its usage for death is a metaphor. It is possible to answer the original objection by stating that the condition of 'insofar as' (al-haythiyyah) is intended in the definition of literal language, meaning it is the word used for what it was literally coined for, insofar as it was literally coined for it. We do not concede that the usage of the word 'maniyyah' for death in an expression like 'the claws of death' is a usage for what it was literally coined for, insofar as it was literally coined for it, in the same way as in our saying 'so-and-so's death has approached,' insofar as death has been made one of the individuals of the 'predator' for which the word 'maniyyah' was coined by interpretation. This answer, 'the claim of predatoriness has approached, etc.,' means that by the aforementioned method, two things are achieved for us: first, the claim of the establishment of predatoriness for death, because that is necessary for including it in its genus; and second, the validity of applying the word 'maniyyah' to that claimed predator, because that is necessary for the synonymy between the two words.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 61 nouns)

• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• اِقْتَضَى — to require
• وَضَعَ — to place
• فَنٌّ — art
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor