Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 160

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ.

Literal and figurative meaning.

مَعَ كَوْنِ هَذَا أَوْضَحَ وَأَدَلَّ عَلَى الْمَقْصُودِ، أَقَامَهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ مَقَامَهُ آخِذًا بِالْحَاصِلِ مِنْ كَلَامِ السَّكَّاكِيِّ فَقَالَ: فِي غَيْرِ مَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ فِي اصْطِلَاحٍ بِهِ التَّخَاطُبُ مَعَ قَرِينَةٍ مَانِعَةٍ عَنْ إِرَادَتِهِ أَيْ إِرَادَةِ مَعْنَاهَا فِي ذَلِكَ الِاصْطِلَاحِ، وَأَتَى السَّكَّاكِيُّ بِقَيْدِ التَّحْقِيقِ حَيْثُ قَالَ: فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْمَجَازِ مَوْضُوعَةٌ لَهُ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ؛ لِتَدْخُلَ فِيهِ أَيْ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الْمَجَازِ الِاسْتِعَارَةُ الَّتِي هِيَ مَجَازٌ لُغَوِيٌّ عَلَى مَا مَرَّ مِنْ أَنَّهَا مُسْتَعْمَلَةٌ فِيمَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ بِالتَّأْوِيلِ لَا بِالتَّحْقِيقِ، فَلَوْ لَمْ يُقَيِّدِ الْوَضْعَ بِالتَّحْقِيقِ لَمْ تَدْخُلْ هِيَ فِي التَّعْرِيفِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ مُسْتَعْمَلَةً فِي غَيْرِ مَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ بِالتَّأْوِيلِ، وَظَاهِرُ عِبَارَةِ الْمِفْتَاحِ هَهُنَا فَاسِدٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ قَالَ: وَقَوْلِي بِالتَّحْقِيقِ احْتِرَازٌ عَنْ أَنْ لَا تَخْرُجَ الِاسْتِعَارَةُ، وَظَاهِرٌ أَنَّ الِاحْتِرَازَ إِنَّمَا هُوَ عَنْ خُرُوجِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ لَا عَنْ عَدَمِ خُرُوجِهَا.

Despite this being clearer and more indicative of the intended meaning, the author replaced it with the conclusion derived from al-Sakkaki's words, saying: 'in other than what it was coined for by way of verification, within a terminology used for discourse, along with a context preventing the intended meaning,' meaning the intent of its meaning in that terminology. Al-Sakkaki introduced the qualification of 'verification' when he said in the definition of the figurative: 'coined for it by way of verification,' so that it—meaning the definition of the figurative—would include metaphor, which is a linguistic figurative usage, as previously discussed, that it is used for what it was coined for by way of interpretation, not by way of verification. Thus, had he not qualified the coining with 'verification,' it would not have entered the definition, because it is not used for other than what it was coined for by way of interpretation. The apparent meaning of the phrasing in al-Miftah here is flawed, because he said: 'And my saying "by way of verification" is a precaution against the metaphor not being excluded,' and it is obvious that the precaution is against the exclusion of the metaphor, not against its non-exclusion.

وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ أَدَلَّ؛ لِأَنَّ قَوْلَهُ: بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى نَوْعِ حَقِيقَتِهَا رُبَّمَا يُتَوَهَّمُ مِنْهُ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِنَوْعِ حَقِيقَتِهَا نَوْعٌ مَخْصُوصٌ أَيْ كَوْنُهُمَا حَقِيقَةً لُغَوِيَّةً أَوْ شَرْعِيَّةً أَوْ عُرْفِيَّةً مَعَ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مَا هُوَ أَعَمُّ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، بِخِلَافِ قَوْلِهِ: فِي اصْطِلَاحٍ بِهِ التَّخَاطُبُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا تَوَهُّمَ فِيهِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمَعْنَى بِشَرْطِ أَنْ تَكُونَ تِلْكَ الْمُغَايَرَةُ فِي الِاصْطِلَاحِ الَّذِي يَقَعُ بِهِ التَّخَاطُبُ وَالِاسْتِعْمَالُ أَعَمُّ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ لُغَوِيًّا أَوْ شَرْعِيًّا أَوْ عُرْفِيًّا.

It was more indicative because his statement 'in relation to the type of its reality' might lead one to imagine that what is meant by 'type of its reality' is a specific type, meaning its being a linguistic, legal, or customary reality, whereas the intended meaning is more general than that. This is unlike his statement 'in a terminology used for discourse,' for there is no such illusion in it, because the meaning is 'on the condition that that discrepancy exists within the terminology through which discourse occurs,' and usage is more general than whether the used term is linguistic, legal, or customary.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 46 nouns)

• أَقَامَ — to substitute
• أَخَذَ — to take
• وَضَعَ — to place
• حَقِيقَة — reality
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• كَوْن — being