Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 158

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ بِالْكَلِمَةِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةِ فِيمَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ تَأْوِيلٍ فِي الْوَضْعِ، وَاحْتَرَزَ بِالْقَيْدِ الْأَخِيرِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ: مِنْ غَيْرِ تَأْوِيلٍ فِي الْوَضْعِ عَنِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ عَلَى أَصَحِّ الْقَوْلَيْنِ وَهُوَ الْقَوْلُ بِأَنَّ الِاسْتِعَارَةَ مَجَازٌ لُغَوِيٌّ؛ لِكَوْنِهَا مُسْتَعْمَلَةً فِي غَيْرِ الْمَوْضُوعِ لَهُ الْحَقِيقِيِّ فَيَجِبُ الِاحْتِرَازُ عَنْهَا، وَأَمَّا عَلَى الْقَوْلِ بِأَنَّهَا مَجَازٌ عَقْلِيٌّ، وَاللَّفْظُ مُسْتَعْمَلٌ فِي مَعْنَاهُ اللُّغَوِيِّ، فَلَا يَصِحُّ الِاحْتِرَازُ عَنْهَا، فَإِنَّهَا أَيْ إِنَّمَا وَقَعَ الِاحْتِرَازُ بِالْكَلِمَةِ هِيَ جِنْسٌ، خَرَجَ عَنْهُ اللَّفْظُ الْمُهْمَلُ وَغَيْرُ اللَّفْظِ مُطْلَقًا، وَقَوْلُهُ: "الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةُ" فَصْلٌ خَرَجَ بِهِ الْكَلِمَةُ الْمَوْضُوعَةُ قَبْلَ الِاسْتِعْمَالِ، فَلَا تُسَمَّى حَقِيقَةً وَلَا مَجَازًا، وَقَوْلُهُ: "فِيمَا" أَيْ فِي الْمَعْنَى الَّذِي وُضِعَتْ هِيَ أَيْ تِلْكَ الْكَلِمَةُ لَهُ فَصْلٌ ثَانٍ خَرَجَ بِهِ الْكَلِمَةُ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَةُ فِي غَيْرِ مَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ بِكُلِّ اصْطِلَاحٍ فَإِنَّهُ مَجَازٌ قَطْعًا أَوْ غَلَطٌ، وَقَوْلُهُ: مِنْ غَيْرِ تَأْوِيلٍ فِي الْوَضْعِ أَيْ الَّذِي اسْتُعْمِلَتْ تِلْكَ الْكَلِمَةُ بِسَبَبِهِ فَصْلٌ ثَالِثٌ خَرَجَتْ بِهِ الِاسْتِعَارَةُ؛ لِأَنَّهَا كَلِمَةٌ اسْتُعْمِلَتْ فِيمَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ مَعَ التَّأْوِيلِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْوَضْعِ، بِخِلَافِ الْحَقِيقَةِ فَإِنَّهَا كَلِمَةٌ مُسْتَعْمَلَةٌ فِيمَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ تَأْوِيلٍ فِي الْوَضْعِ، وَإِلَى هَذَا أَشَارَ بِقَوْلِهِ: "وَاحْتَرَزَ" أَيِ السَّكَّاكِيُّ بِالْقَيْدِ الْأَخِيرِ إِلَخْ.

The literal and the metaphorical [are defined] by the word used for what it was coined for without interpretation in the coining; and by the final restriction—which is his saying 'without interpretation in the coining'—he guarded against metaphor (isti'arah) according to the more correct of the two opinions, which is the opinion that metaphor is a linguistic trope, because it is used for something other than its true coined meaning, so it is necessary to guard against it. As for the opinion that it is a rational trope, and the word is used in its linguistic meaning, then guarding against it is not valid, for it—meaning the guarding occurred by the word—is a genus, from which the neglected word and the non-word are excluded absolutely. And his saying 'used' is a differentia by which the word coined before usage is excluded, so it is not called literal nor metaphorical. And his saying 'in what'—meaning in the meaning for which it, that is, the word, was coined—is a second differentia by which the word used for something other than what it was coined for by any convention is excluded, for that is definitely a metaphor or an error. And his saying 'without interpretation in the coining'—meaning that for which that word was used because of it—is a third differentia by which metaphor is excluded, because it is a word used for what it was coined for with interpretation in that coining, unlike the literal, for it is a word used for what it was coined for without interpretation in the coining; and to this he pointed by his saying 'and he guarded'—meaning al-Sakkaki—'by the final restriction, etc.'

عَلَى أَصَحِّ الْقَوْلَيْنِ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِـ "احْتَرَزَ"، أَيْ وَهَذَا الِاحْتِرَازُ بِنَاءٌ عَلَى أَصَحِّ الْقَوْلَيْنِ، وَيَصِحُّ أَنْ يَكُونَ حَالًا مِنَ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ، وَحَاصِلُ مَا فِي الْمَقَامِ أَنَّ الِاسْتِعَارَةَ مَوْضُوعَةٌ قَطْعًا عَلَى كُلِّ قَوْلٍ، وَإِنَّمَا الْخِلَافُ فِي أَنَّهَا مَجَازٌ لُغَوِيٌّ بِمَعْنَى أَنَّ التَّصَرُّفَ فِي أَمْرٍ لُغَوِيٍّ وَهُوَ اللَّفْظُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ اسْتُعْمِلَ فِي غَيْرِ مَا وُضِعَ لَهُ ابْتِدَاءً أَوْ عَقْلِيٌّ بِمَعْنَى أَنَّ التَّصَرُّفَ فِي أَمْرٍ عَقْلِيٍّ وَهُوَ جَعْلُ غَيْرِ الْأَسَدِ أَسَدًا، أَمَّا اللَّفْظُ فَهُوَ مُسْتَعْمَلٌ فِيمَا وُضِعَ لَهُ عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ بَيَانُهُ فَعَلَى أَنَّهَا مَجَازٌ عَقْلِيٌّ فَهِيَ حَقِيقَةٌ لُغَوِيَّةٌ لَا يَصِحُّ إِخْرَاجُهَا، وَإِنَّمَا يَخْرُجُ بِهِ الْمَجَازُ الْمُرْسَلُ، وَعَلَى أَنَّهَا مَجَازٌ لُغَوِيٌّ وَهُوَ الْأَصَحُّ يُحْتَاجُ لِإِخْرَاجِهَا بِقَيْدٍ زَائِدٍ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ: "فِيمَا وُضِعَتْ لَهُ"؛ إِذْ لَا تَخْرُجُ بِالْوَضْعِ لِلِاتِّفَاقِ عَلَى وَضْعِهَا لَكِنَّ وَضْعَهَا لِلْمُشَبَّهِ بِتَأْوِيلٍ أَيْ ادِّعَاءُ أَنَّهُ مِنْ جِنْسِ الْمُشَبَّهِ بِهِ الَّذِي وُضِعَ لَهُ اللَّفْظُ أَصَالَةً، فَلَمَّا بَنَى السَّكَّاكِيُّ تَعْرِيفَهُ عَلَى هَذَا الْقَوْلِ الْأَصَحِّ وَهُوَ أَنَّهُ مَجَازٌ لُغَوِيٌّ احْتَاجَ لِزِيَادَةِ قَيْدٍ لِإِخْرَاجِهَا، وَذَلِكَ الْقَيْدُ هُوَ أَنَّ وَضْعَ الْحَقِيقَةِ لَا تَأْوِيلَ فِيهِ وَلَا ادِّعَاءَ، وَوَضْعَ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ فِيهِ تَأْوِيلٌ وَادِّعَاءٌ وَهُوَ مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ: "مِنْ غَيْرِ تَأْوِيلٍ فِي الْوَضْعِ".

['According to the more correct of the two opinions'] is connected to 'he guarded,' meaning this guarding is based on the more correct of the two opinions, and it is valid for it to be a state (hal) of the metaphor. The gist of the matter is that metaphor is definitely coined according to every opinion, and the disagreement is only whether it is a linguistic trope in the sense that the manipulation is in a linguistic matter, which is the word, because it was used for something other than what it was initially coined for, or a rational [trope] in the sense that the manipulation is in a rational matter, which is making the non-lion a lion; as for the word, it is used for what it was coined for according to what was previously explained. So, on the basis that it is a rational trope, it is a linguistic literal [usage] that cannot be validly excluded, and only the loose trope (majaz mursal) is excluded by it. And on the basis that it is a linguistic trope—which is the more correct [view]—it is necessary to exclude it with an additional restriction to his saying 'in what it was coined for,' since it is not excluded by the coining due to the agreement on its coining, but its coining for the likened-to [object] is with interpretation, meaning the claim that it is of the genus of the object likened-to for which the word was originally coined. So when al-Sakkaki based his definition on this more correct opinion, which is that it is a linguistic trope, he needed an additional restriction to exclude it, and that restriction is that the coining of the literal has no interpretation or claim in it, while the coining of the metaphor has interpretation and claim in it, and that is the meaning of his saying 'without interpretation in the coining.'

مُسْتَعْمَلٌ إِلَخْ عَلَى أَنَّ الْفَرْدَ الْغَيْرَ الْمُتَعَارَفِ كَالشُّجَاعِ مَثَلًا مَعْنًى لُغَوِيٌّ لِلْأَسَدِ بِسَبَبِ الِادِّعَاءِ وَجَعْلِ الْأَسَدِ شَامِلًا لَهُ.

'Used, etc.' is on the basis that the non-conventional individual, such as the brave man for example, is a linguistic meaning for the lion because of the claim and making the lion inclusive of him.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (19 verbs · 38 nouns)

• وَضَعَ — to coin/assign meaning
• احْتَرَزَ — to guard against
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• كَلِمَة — word