Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 138

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الثَّانِي

The Second Art.

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ

Literal and Figurative Language.

بَلْ تَحْقِيقُ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ التَّبَعِيَّةِ هَهُنَا أَنَّهُ شَبَّهَ تَرَتُّبَ الْعَدَاوَةِ وَالْحُزْنِ عَلَى الِالْتِقَاطِ بِتَرَتُّبِ عِلَّتِهِ فِي الْآيَةِ الشَّأْنُ مُطْلَقُ الِالْتِقَاطِ الْغَائِيَّةِ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ اسْتُعْمِلَ فِي الْمُشَبَّهِ اللَّامُ الْمَوْضُوعَةُ لِلْمُشَبَّهِ بِهِ أَعْنِي تَرَتُّبَ الْعِلَّةِ الْغَائِيَّةِ هُوَ الْعَدَاوَةُ الْمَحَبَّةُ وَالتَّبَنِّي لِلِالْتِقَاطِ عَلَيْهِ فَجَرَتِ الِاسْتِعَارَةُ أَوَّلًا فِي الْعِلِّيَّةِ وَالْغَرَضِيَّةِ وَبِتَبَعِيَّتِهَا فِي اللَّامِ كَمَا مَرَّ فِي فِي تَرَتُّبِهِمَا "نَطَقَتِ الْحَالُ"، فَصَارَ حُكْمُ اللَّامِ حُكْمَ الْأَسَدِ حَيْثُ اسْتُعِيرَتْ لِمَا يُشْبِهُ الْعِلِّيَّةَ، فَصَارَ اللَّامُ مُتَعَلِّقُ مَعْنَى اللَّامِ هُوَ الْعِلِّيَّةُ، وَالْغَرَضِيَّةُ لَا الْمَجْرُورُ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ سَهْوًا، وَفِي هَذَا الْمُطْلَقَةُ الْمَقَامِ زِيَادَةُ تَحْقِيقٍ أَوْرَدْنَاهَا فِي الشَّرْحِ وَمَدَارُ قَرِينَتِهَا أَيْ قَرِينَةِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ التَّبَعِيَّةِ فِي الْأَوَّلَيْنِ أَيِ الْفِعْلِ وَمَا يُشْتَقُّ مِنْهُ عَلَى الْفَاعِلِ نَحْوَ: نَطَقَتِ الْحَالُ بِكَذَا، فَإِنَّ النُّطْقَ الْحَقِيقِيَّ لَا يُسْنَدُ إِلَى الْحَالِ، أَوِ الْمَفْعُولِ نَحْوَ: جَمَعَ الْحَقُّ لَنَا فِي إِمَامٍ قَتَلَ الْبُخْلَ وَأَحْيَا السَّمَاحَا إِزَالَةٌ فَإِنَّ الْقَتْلَ وَالْإِحْيَاءَ الْحَقِيقِيَّيْنِ أَظْهَرَ الْجُودَ بَلْ تَحْقِيقُ الْمُرَادِ بِتَحْقِيقِهَا ذِكْرُهَا عَلَى الْوَجْهِ الْحَقِّ الَّذِي هُوَ مَذْهَبُ الْقَوْمِ. [الدَّسُوقِيُّ: ١٢١/٤] تَرَتُّبُ: أَيْ تَرَتُّبُ مُطْلَقِ عَدَاوَةٍ وَحُزْنٍ وَبِتَبَعِيَّتِهَا أَيْ تَبَعِيَّةِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ الْأُولَى الْجَارِيَةِ فِي تَرَتُّبِ الْعِلِّيَّةِ وَالْغَرَضِيَّةِ. [الدَّسُوقِيُّ: ١٢٣/٤] نَطَقَتِ الْحَالُ: أَيْ فَكَمَا أَنَّ الِاسْتِعَارَةَ فِي الْفِعْلِ تَابِعَةٌ لِلِاسْتِعَارَةِ فِي الْمَصْدَرِ، كَذَلِكَ اسْتِعَارَةُ اللَّامِ تَابِعَةٌ لِاسْتِعَارَةِ الْعِلِّيَّةِ وَالْغَرَضِيَّةِ لِلْعَدَاوَةِ وَالْحُزْنِ. (الدَّسُوقِيُّ) حُكْمُ الْأَسَدِ: أَيْ حَيْثُ اسْتُعِيرَ لِمَا يُشْبِهُ الْحَيَوَانَ الْمُفْتَرِسَ. (الدَّسُوقِيُّ) وَمَدَارُ إِلَخْ: أَيْ دَوَرَانُ قَرِينَتِهَا عَلَى الْفَاعِلِ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِذَلِكَ رُجُوعُ الْقَرِينَةِ إِلَى كَوْنِهَا نَفْسَ الْفَاعِلِ لِكَوْنِ الْإِسْنَادِ الْحَقِيقِيِّ لَهُ غَيْرَ صَحِيحٍ، كَمَا فِي الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ. [الدَّسُوقِيُّ: ١٢٤/٤] فِي الْأَوَّلَيْنِ إِنَّمَا قَالَ: "فِي الْأَوَّلَيْنِ"؛ لِأَنَّ قَرِينَةَ التَّبَعِيَّةِ فِي الْحُرُوفِ غَيْرُ مَضْبُوطَةٍ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُ لَا تَفَاوُتَ فِيهِ بَيْنَ قَرِينَةٍ وَقَرِينَةٍ حَتَّى يُجْعَلَ الْبَعْضُ مَدَارًا (الدَّسُوقِيُّ بِتَغْيِيرٍ) نَطَقَتِ الْحَالُ: فَإِنْ قُلْتَ: حَاصِلُ الْقَرِينَةِ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَمْثِلَةِ اسْتِحَالَةُ قِيَامِ الْمُسْنَدِ بِالْمُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ، وَتَقَدَّمَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ قَرَائِنِ الْمَجَازِ الْعَقْلِيِّ، قُلْتُ: لَا يَضُرُّ ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ بِالْقَرِينَةِ مَا يَصْرِفُ عَنْ إِرَادَةِ الْمَعْنَى الْحَقِيقِيِّ، وَهَذِهِ كَذَلِكَ وَإِنْ صَلَحَتْ لِلْمَجَازِ الْعَقْلِيِّ. (الدَّسُوقِيُّ بِتَغْيِيرٍ) لَا يُسْنَدُ إِلَى الْحَالِ: لِاسْتِحَالَةِ وُقُوعِ النُّطْقِ مِنْهُ، فَدَلَّ اسْتِحَالَةُ وُقُوعِ النُّطْقِ مِنَ الْحَالِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالنُّطْقِ مَا يَصِحُّ إِسْنَادُهُ إِلَى الْحَالِ، وَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّهُ الدَّلَالَةُ الشَّبِيهَةُ بِالنُّطْقِ فِي إِفْهَامِ الْمُرَادِ.

Rather, the verification of the dependent metaphor here is that he likened the consequence of enmity and sadness resulting from the picking up to the consequence of its final cause resulting from it, then the 'lam' (preposition 'for')—which was placed for the object of comparison, meaning the consequence of the final cause for the picking up—was used for the subject of comparison; thus, the metaphor occurred first in the causality and purposiveness, and by its dependency, in the 'lam', as passed in 'the situation spoke'. The ruling of the 'lam' became like the ruling of the 'lion' [in the metaphor 'a lion'], as it was borrowed for that which resembles causality. Thus, the object of the meaning of the 'lam' became the causality and purposiveness, not the genitive object, contrary to what the author mentioned by mistake. In this context, there is additional verification that we have included in the commentary. The pivot of its indicator—that is, the indicator of the dependent metaphor—in the first two [cases], meaning the verb and what is derived from it, is the agent, such as: 'the situation spoke of such and such', for true speech is not attributed to the situation; or the object, such as: 'The Truth gathered for us an Imam who killed stinginess and revived generosity', for true killing and reviving are not attributed to the situation, because it is impossible for speech to occur from it. Therefore, the impossibility of speech occurring from the situation indicates that what is meant by speech is that which is valid to attribute to the situation, and it is known that it is the indication that resembles speech in conveying the intended meaning.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (16 verbs · 47 nouns)

• شَبَّهَ — to liken
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• جَرَى — to occur
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• تَحْقِيق — verification