Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 93

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الْأَوَّلُ تَعْرِيفُهُ وَتَقْسِيمُهُ الْإِسْنَادُ الْخَبَرِيُّ أَحْوَالُ الْإِسْنَادِ الْخَبَرِيِّ وَهُوَ ضَمُّ كَلِمَةٍ أَوْ مَا يَجْرِي مَجْرَاهَا إِلَى أُخْرَى بِحَيْثُ يُفِيدُ الْمُخَاطَبَ أَنَّ مَفْهُومَ إِحْدَاهُمَا كَالْمُرَكَّبَاتِ النَّاقِصَةِ الْمَحْكُومِ بِهِ ثَابِتٌ لِمَفْهُومِ الْأُخْرَى، أَوْ مَنْفِيٌّ عَنْهُ، وَإِنَّمَا قُدِّمَ بَحْثُ الْخَبَرِ؛ لِعِظَمِ شَأْنِهِ وَكَثْرَةِ مَبَاحِثِهِ، أَيِ الْمُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قُدِّمَ أَحْوَالُ الْإِسْنَادِ عَلَى أَحْوَالِ الْمُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ وَالْمُسْنَدِ مَعَ تَأَخُّرِ النِّسْبَةِ عَنِ الطَّرَفَيْنِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْبَحْثَ هُنَا إِنَّمَا هُوَ عَنْ أَحْوَالِ اللَّفْظِ الْمَوْصُوفِ بِكَوْنِهِ مُسْنَدًا إِلَيْهِ أَوْ مُسْنَدًا، وَهَذَا الْوَصْفُ إِنَّمَا يَتَحَقَّقُ بَعْدَ تَحَقُّقِ الْإِسْنَادِ، وَالْمُتَقَدِّمُ عَلَى النِّسْبَةِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ ذَاتُ الطَّرَفَيْنِ، وَلَا بَحْثَ لَنَا عَنْهَا، أَحْوَالُ الْإِسْنَادِ: أَيِ الْأُمُورُ الْعَارِضَةُ لِلْإِسْنَادِ وَهِيَ أَرْبَعَةٌ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ التَّوْكِيدُ وَتَرْكُهُ، وَالْحَقِيقَةُ الْعَقْلِيَّةُ، وَالْمَجَازُ الْعَقْلِيُّ.

The First Art: Its definition and classification, the predicative attribution, and the states of predicative attribution. It is the joining of a word, or what functions as a word, to another in such a way that it informs the addressee that the concept of one of them—like incomplete constructions—is established as the predicate for the concept of the other, or is negated from it. The discussion of the report (khabar) was prioritized due to its great importance and the abundance of its topics, meaning the subject (musnad ilayh). Then, the states of attribution were prioritized over the states of the subject and the predicate, despite the attribution being subsequent to the two terms, because the discussion here is only about the states of the expression described as being a subject or a predicate, and this description is only realized after the realization of the attribution. What precedes the relation is merely the essence of the two terms, and we have no discussion regarding them. The states of attribution: meaning the matters that occur to the attribution, and they are four according to what the author mentioned: emphasis and its omission, rational reality, and rational metaphor.

الْخَبَرِيُّ إِلَخْ لَيْسَ بِقَيْدٍ، بَلِ الْإِنْشَائِيُّ أَيْضًا يَجْرِي فِيهِ الْأَحْوَالُ الْآتِيَةُ، وَإِنَّمَا خُصَّ الْخَبَرِيُّ بِالذِّكْرِ؛ لِأَنَّ وُقُوعَ الْأَحْوَالِ فِيهِ أَكْثَرُ.

The word 'predicative' (al-khabari), etc., is not a restrictive condition; rather, the states that follow also apply to the non-predicative (al-insha'i), but the predicative was singled out for mention because the occurrence of these states within it is more frequent.

ضَمُّ كَلِمَةٍ انْضِمَامُ كَلِمَةٍ فَأَطْلَقَ الْمَصْدَرَ وَأَرَادَ الْأَثَرَ النَّاشِئَ عَنْهُ، وَهُوَ الِانْضِمَامُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ الَّذِي يَتَّصِفُ بِهِ اللَّفْظُ أَوْ مَا يَجْرِي إِلَخْ أَرَادَ بِهِ الْمُرَكَّبَاتِ التَّقْيِيدِيَّةَ وَالْإِضَافِيَّةَ، وَالْجُمَلَ الْوَاقِعَةَ مَوْقِعَ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ، وَالضَّمِيرَ الْمُسْتَتِرَ وَفِي ذِكْرِ الْكَلِمَةِ وَنَحْوِهَا إِشَارَةٌ إِلَى أَنَّ الْإِسْنَادَ وَالْمُسْنَدَ وَالْمُسْنَدَ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ أَوْصَافِ الْأَلْفَاظِ فِي عُرْفِهِمْ وَالْأَحْوَالُ يُرَادُ بِهِ الْمِصْدَاقُ، وَالْمَحْمُولُ يُرَادُ مِنْهُ الْمَفْهُومُ مَا فُهِمَ مِنَ اللَّفْظِ ذَاتًا كَانَ أَوْ حَقِيقَةً، لِيَشْتَمِلَ الْمَحْصُورَاتِ وَالشَّخْصِيَّاتِ وَالطَّبْعِيَّاتِ لَوْ قَالَ مِصْدَاقَ الْأُخْرَى لَخَرَجَ الطَّبْعِيَّاتُ.

Regarding 'joining a word': it means the 'joining of a word'. He used the verbal noun (masdar) but intended the effect resulting from it, which is the state of being joined, because that is what the expression is characterized by. Regarding 'or what functions as a word', etc.: he intended by it restrictive and genitive constructions, sentences occurring in the position of single words, and the hidden pronoun. In mentioning the word and its likes, there is an indication that attribution, the predicate, and the subject are among the descriptions of expressions in their convention. By 'states', the referent (misdaq) is intended, and by 'predicate' (mahmul), the concept is intended—what is understood from the expression, whether it is an essence or a reality, so that it includes limited, individual, and natural concepts; if he had said 'the referent of the other', the natural concepts would have been excluded.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (29 verbs · 88 nouns)

• جَرَى — to flow
• أَفَادَ — to benefit
• حَكَمَ — to judge
• فَنٌّ — art
• أَوَّلُ — first
• تَعْرِيفٌ — definition