Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 513

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الْأَوَّلُ لِعَكْسِ مَا مَرَّ.

The first art is for the opposite of what has passed.

الْفَصْلُ وَالْوَصْلُ.

Separation and connection.

فِي الْمَاضِي الْمُثْبَتِ أَيْ لِدَلَالَةِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ عَلَى الْمُقَارَنَةِ؛ لِكَوْنِهَا مُسْتَمِرَّةً، لَا عَلَى حُصُولِ صِفَةٍ غَيْرِ ثَابِتَةٍ لِدَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى الدَّوَامِ وَالثَّبَاتِ نَحْوَ كَلَّمْتُهُ فَاهُ إِلَى فِي أَيْ مُشَافِهًا، وَأَيْضًا الْمَشْهُورُ وَأَنَّ دُخُولَهَا أَيْ الْوَاوَ أَوْلَى مِنْ تَرْكِهَا؛ لِعَدَمِ دَلَالَتِهَا أَيْ الْجُمْلَةِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ عَلَى عَدَمِ الثُّبُوتِ مَعَ ظُهُورِ الِاسْتِئْنَافِ فِيهَا، فَحَسُنَ زِيَادَةُ رَابِطٍ نَحْوَ: ﴿فَلَا تَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ أَنْدَادًا وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ﴾ أَيْ وَأَنْتُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ وَالْمَعْرِفَةِ، أَوْ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ فَيَكُونُ الْفِعْلُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ اللَّازِمِ مَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهَا مِنَ التَّفَاوُتِ، وَقَالَ عَبْدُ الْقَاهِرِ: إِنْ كَانَ الْمُبْتَدَأُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ الْحَالِيَّةِ فَيَكُونُ مَفْعُولُهُ مُقَدَّرًا هَذَا مُقَابِلُ الْمَشْهُورِ بِعَكْسِ إِلَخْ أَيْ إِنَّمَا جَازَ التَّرْكُ لِأَجْلِ أَنَّهُ تَحَقَّقَ فِيهَا عَكْسُ مَا مَرَّ فِي الْمَاضِي الْمُثْبَتِ، وَالَّذِي مَرَّ فِي الْمَاضِي الْمُثْبَتِ هُوَ دَلَالَتُهُ عَلَى حُصُولِ صِفَةٍ غَيْرِ ثَابِتَةٍ دُونَ الْمُقَارَنَةِ، وَعَكْسُهُ الْمَوْجُودُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ الِاسْمِيَّةِ هُوَ دَلَالَتُهَا عَلَى الْمُقَارَنَةِ مِنْ جِهَةِ إِفَادَتِهَا الدَّوَامَ وَالثَّبَاتَ الْمُقْتَضِيَ لِلِاسْتِمْرَارِ حَتَّى فِي زَمَنِ التَّكَلُّمِ وَعَدَمِ دَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى حُصُولِ صِفَةٍ غَيْرِ ثَابِتَةٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الْغَرَضَ دَوَامُهَا فَلَا يُمْكِنُ عَدَمُ الثُّبُوتِ فَأَشْبَهَتِ الْمُفْرَدَةَ مِنْ جِهَةِ إِفَادَةِ الْمُقَارَنَةِ، وَذَلِكَ يَسْتَدْعِي سُقُوطَ الْوَاوِ، وَلَمْ تُشْبِهْهَا فِي جِهَةِ عَدَمِ دَلَالَتِهَا عَلَى حُصُولِ صِفَةٍ غَيْرِ ثَابِتَةٍ، وَذَلِكَ يَسْتَدْعِي وَصْلَهَا بِالْوَاوِ، فَلَمَّا وُجِدَ فِيهَا الدَّاعِي لِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا جَازَ فِيهَا الْأَمْرَانِ كَمَا مَرَّ فِي غَيْرِهَا.

Regarding the affirmative past, it is because the nominal sentence indicates simultaneity, as it is continuous, and not the occurrence of a non-fixed attribute, due to its indication of permanence and stability, such as 'I spoke to him, his mouth to my mouth,' meaning face-to-face. Also, the famous view is that its inclusion—meaning the 'waw'—is better than omitting it, because it—the nominal sentence—does not indicate a lack of stability, along with the appearance of resumption in it; thus, adding a connector is good, such as: 'Do not set up rivals to Allah while you know,' meaning while you are among the people of knowledge and awareness, or 'while you know,' so the verb is in the position of an intransitive verb, given the difference between it and the nominal sentence. Abd al-Qahir said: If the subject in the circumstantial nominal sentence is [present], its object is implied; this is the opposite of the famous view regarding the 'opposite of, etc.,' meaning that omission was only permitted because the opposite of what passed in the affirmative past was realized in it. What passed in the affirmative past is its indication of the occurrence of a non-fixed attribute without simultaneity, and its opposite, which is found in the nominal sentence, is its indication of simultaneity in terms of its conveying permanence and stability, which necessitates continuity even at the time of speaking, and its lack of indication of the occurrence of a non-fixed attribute; because the purpose is its permanence, so a lack of stability is impossible. Thus, it resembled the single term in terms of conveying simultaneity, and that necessitates the dropping of the 'waw,' yet it did not resemble it in terms of its lack of indication of the occurrence of a non-fixed attribute, and that necessitates connecting it with the 'waw.' So, when the motive for both was found in it, both matters were permitted in it, as passed in others.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 76 nouns)

• مَرَّ — to pass
• كَلَّمَ — to speak
• جَعَلَ — to make
• فَنٌّ — art
• عَكْسٌ — opposite
• فَصْلٌ — separation