Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 404

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الْأَوَّلُ، الْإِنْشَاءُ، سَوَاءٌ عَمِلَ ذَلِكَ الْمُضَارِعُ فِي جُمْلَةٍ حَالِيَّةٍ كَقَوْلِكَ: أَتَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا وَهُوَ أَخُوكَ أَوْ لَا، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ﴾، وَكَقَوْلِكَ: أَتُؤْذِي أَبَاكَ وَأَتَشْتِمُ الْأَمِيرَ، وَلَا يَصِحُّ وُقُوعُ هَلْ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَوَاضِعِ، وَمِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ مَا وَقَعَ لِبَعْضِهِمْ فِي شَرْحِ هَذَا الْمَوْضِعِ مِنْ أَنَّ هَذَا الِامْتِنَاعَ بِسَبَبِ أَنَّ الْفِعْلَ الْمُسْتَقْبَلَ لَا يَجُوزُ تَقْيِيدُهُ بِالْحَالِ أَوْ إِعْمَالُهُ فِيهَا، وَلَعَمْرِي أَنَّ هَذِهِ لَفِرْيَةٌ مَا فِيهَا مِرْيَةٌ؛ إِذْ لَمْ يُنْقَلْ عَنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ النُّحَاةِ امْتِنَاعُ مِثْلِ: سَيَجِيءُ زَيْدٌ رَاكِبًا وَسَأَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا وَهُوَ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الْأَمِيرِ، سَوَاءٌ عَمِلَ إِلَخْ الْأَوْضَحُ أَنْ يَقُولَ: سَوَاءٌ كَانَتِ الْقَرِينَةُ لَفْظِيَّةً كَمَا إِذَا عَمِلَ الْمُضَارِعُ فِي جُمْلَةٍ حَالِيَّةٍ كَقَوْلِكَ: أَتَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا وَهُوَ أَخُوكَ، فَإِنَّ قَوْلَكَ: وَهُوَ أَخُوكَ قَرِينَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الْفِعْلَ الْمُنْكَرَ وَاقِعٌ فِي الْحَالِ، أَوْ كَانَتْ حَالِيَّةً كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ﴾؛ فَإِنَّ الْقَرِينَةَ فِي الْأَمْثِلَةِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ حَالِيَّةٌ وَهِيَ التَّوْبِيخُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا عَلَى فِعْلٍ فِي الْحَالِ أَوْ فِي الْمَاضِي لَا عَلَى الْمُسْتَقْبَلِ، فِي جُمْلَةٍ حَالِيَّةٍ إِلَخْ إِذْ هِيَ لَا تَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُضَارِعَ لِلْحَالِ فَإِنَّ الْفِعْلَ الْمُسْتَقْبَلَ أَيْضًا يُقَيَّدُ بِالْحَالِ، قَالَ تَعَالَى: سَيَدْخُلُونَ جَهَنَّمَ دَاخِرِينَ، أَتَقُولُونَ إِلَخْ خِطَابٌ لِلْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى وَمَنْ زَعَمَ أَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ بَنَاتُ اللهِ تَعَالَى، فِي كَوْنِ الْمُرَادِ هَهُنَا إِنْكَارَ الْفِعْلِ الْوَاقِعِ فِي الْحَالِ بَعْدُ ظَاهِرٌ؛ إِذِ الْقَوْلُ وَقَعَ فِيمَا مَضَى قَبْلَ التَّكَلُّمِ إِلَّا أَنْ يُقَالَ: لَمَّا كَانَ الْكَلَامُ عَقِبَ هَذَا الْقَوْلِ كَانَ كَالْحَالِ أَوْ أَنَّهُ حَالٌ مِنْ حَيْثُ الْمُدَاوَمَةُ عَلَيْهِ أَيِ الْإِصْرَارُ عَلَيْهِ وَعَدَمُ الْعَزْمِ عَلَى تَرْكِهِ، وُقُوعُ هَلْ لِأَنَّ هَلْ لِلِاسْتِقْبَالِ الْمُنَافِي لِحُصُولِ الْفِعْلِ الْحَالِ، وَمِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ إِلَخْ: اعْلَمْ أَنَّ السَّبَبَ فِي عَدَمِ صِحَّةِ الْمِثَالِ أَيْ هَلْ تَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا وَهُوَ أَخُوكَ عِنْدَ الشَّارِحِ هُوَ كَوْنُ الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ مَعْنَاهُ وَاقِعًا فِي الْحَالِ، وَهَلْ لَا تَدْخُلُ عَلَيْهِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا إِذَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى مُضَارِعٍ خَلَصَتْهُ لِلِاسْتِقْبَالِ، فَلَوْ دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْحَاصِلِ فِي الْحَالِ لَحَصَلَ التَّنَافِي، وَالسَّبَبُ فِي عَدَمِ صِحَّةِ الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ عَلَى كَلَامِ ذَلِكَ الْبَعْضِ هُوَ أَنَّ هَلْ لَمَّا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ الْمُضَارِعِ صَيَّرَتْهُ نَصًّا فِي الِاسْتِقْبَالِ، فَلَا يَجُوزُ تَقْيِيدُهُ بِالْحَالِ، وَفِي هَذَا الْمِثَالِ قَدْ قُيِّدَ بِهَا، لَا يَجُوزُ تَقْيِيدُهُ إِلَخْ وَذَلِكَ لِعَدَمِ مُقَارَنَةِ الْحَالِ لِلِاسْتِقْبَالِ وَالْقَيْدُ وَالْمُقَيَّدُ يَجِبُ اقْتِرَانُهُمَا فِي الزَّمَانِ، وَفِي الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ قُيِّدَ الِاسْتِقْبَالُ بِالْحَالِ وَعَمِلَ فِيهَا، وَلَعَمْرِي إِلَخْ أَيْ وَلِحَيَاتِي أَنَّ مَقَالَةَ ذَلِكَ الْبَعْضِ كَذِبَةٌ مِنْ غَيْرِ شَكٍّ، وَفِي تَسْمِيَةِ ذَلِكَ فِرْيَةً تَسَمُّحٌ؛ لِأَنَّ الِافْتِرَاءَ تَعَمُّدُ الْكَذِبِ وَهُوَ غَيْرُ مَوْجُودٍ هُنَا، سَيَجِيءُ زَيْدٌ إِلَخْ: أَيْ فَالْمَجِيءُ مُسْتَقْبَلٌ بِدَلِيلِ السِّينِ، وَقَدْ قُيِّدَ بِالْحَالِ الْمُفْرَدَةِ أَيْ رَاكِبًا، وَكَذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ بَعْدُ: وَسَأَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا إِلَخْ؛ فَإِنَّهُ مُسْتَقْبَلٌ بِدَلِيلِ السِّينِ، وَقُيِّدَ بِالْحَالِ الَّتِي هِيَ جُمْلَةٌ اسْمِيَّةٌ، أَيْ وَهُوَ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الْأَمِيرِ لِنُكْتَةٍ، وَفِي تَعَدُّدِ الْأَمْثِلَةِ إِشَارَةٌ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ أَنْ تَكُونَ الْحَالُ الَّتِي قُيِّدَ بِهَا الْفِعْلُ الْمُسْتَقْبَلُ مُفْرَدَةً أَوْ جُمْلَةً.

The first art is the 'Insha' (composition/interrogative style), whether that imperfect verb operates within a circumstantial clause, as in your saying: 'Do you hit Zayd while he is your brother?' or not, as in His saying, the Almighty: 'Do you say about Allah what you do not know?', and as in your saying: 'Do you harm your father and insult the prince?'. It is not valid for 'hal' (the interrogative particle) to occur in these positions. Among the strange things is what occurred to some of them in the commentary on this position, that this prohibition is because the future verb cannot be restricted by the circumstantial state or operate within it. By my life, this is a fabrication that has no doubt in it, since it has not been reported from any of the grammarians that examples like 'Zayd will come riding' and 'I will hit Zayd while he is before the prince' are prohibited. 'Whether it operates, etc.'—it is clearer to say: 'Whether the contextual indicator is verbal, as when the imperfect verb operates in a circumstantial clause, as in your saying: 'Do you hit Zayd while he is your brother?', for your saying 'while he is your brother' is an indicator that the censured action is occurring in the present, or if it were circumstantial, as in His saying, the Almighty: 'Do you say about Allah what you do not know?'. For the indicator in the three mentioned examples is circumstantial, which is the rebuke, because it only occurs regarding an action in the present or in the past, not regarding the future. 'In a circumstantial clause, etc.'—since it does not indicate that the imperfect verb is for the present, for the future verb is also restricted by the circumstantial state. The Almighty said: 'They will enter Hell, humbled.' 'Do you say, etc.'—this is an address to the Jews, the Christians, and those who claimed that the angels are the daughters of Allah, the Almighty. The fact that the intended meaning here is the denial of the action occurring in the present is obvious, since the saying occurred in the past before the speaking, unless it is said: 'Since the speech was following this saying, it was like the present, or it is a circumstantial state in terms of persistence in it, meaning persistence in it and the lack of resolve to abandon it.' 'The occurrence of hal'—because 'hal' is for the future, which contradicts the occurrence of the present action. 'Among the strange things, etc.'—know that the reason for the invalidity of the example, i.e., 'Does Zayd hit while he is your brother?' according to the commentator, is that the meaning of the imperfect verb is occurring in the present, and 'hal' does not enter upon it, because when it enters upon an imperfect verb, it restricts it to the future. So, if it were to enter upon what is occurring in the present, a contradiction would arise. The reason for the invalidity of the mentioned example according to the speech of that person is that when 'hal' entered upon the imperfect verb, it made it explicitly for the future, so it is not permissible to restrict it by the present, and in this example, it has been restricted by it. 'It is not permissible to restrict it, etc.'—and that is due to the lack of concurrence between the present and the future, and the restriction and the restricted must be conjoined in time. In the mentioned example, the future was restricted by the present and operated within it. 'By my life, etc.'—meaning, by my life, the statement of that person is a lie without a doubt. In calling that a 'fabrication', there is leniency, because fabrication is the intentional lie, and that is not present here. 'Zayd will come, etc.'—meaning the coming is future by the evidence of the 'sin' (prefix), and it has been restricted by the singular circumstantial state, meaning 'riding'. Likewise, his saying after that: 'And I will hit Zayd, etc.'—for it is future by the evidence of the 'sin', and it has been restricted by the circumstantial state which is a nominal clause, meaning 'while he is before the prince' for a subtle point. In the multiplicity of examples, there is an indication that there is no difference between whether the circumstantial state by which the future verb is restricted is singular or a clause.

…0 more translated lines, 21 more verbs and 82 more nouns on this page — subscribe to study every page.

Vocabulary · المفردات (24 verbs · 85 nouns)

• عَمِلَ — to govern grammatically
• ضَرَبَ — to hit
• قَالَ — to say
• فَنّ — art
• إِنْشَاء — composition
• مُضَارِع — present tense verb