Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 308

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

أَحْوَالُ الْمُسْنَدِ، مُسْنَدًا إِلَى ضَمِيرِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَيَخْرُجُ عَنْهُ نَحْوُ: زَيْدٌ ضَرَبْتُهُ وَيَجِبُ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ سَبَبِيًّا، وَأَمَّا عَلَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ الشَّيْخُ فِي دَلَائِلِ الْإِعْجَازِ وَهُوَ أَنَّ الِاسْمَ لَا يُؤْتَى بِهِ مُعَرًّى عَنِ الْعَوَامِلِ إِلَّا لِحَدِيثٍ قَدْ نَوَى إِسْنَادَهُ إِلَيْهِ، فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: زَيْدٌ أَشْعَرْتَ قَلْبَ السَّامِعِ بِأَنَّكَ تُرِيدُ الْإِخْبَارَ عَنْهُ، فَهَذَا تَوْطِئَةٌ لَهُ وَتَقْدِمَةٌ لِلْإِعْلَامِ بِهِ فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: قَامَ دَخَلَ فِي قَلْبِهِ دُخُولَ الْمَأْنُوسِ، وَهَذَا أَشَدُّ لِلثُّبُوتِ وَأَمْنَعُ مِنَ الشُّبْهَةِ وَالشَّكِّ، وَبِالْجُمْلَةِ لَيْسَ الْإِعْلَامُ بِالشَّيْءِ بَغْتَةً مِثْلَ الْإِعْلَامِ بِهِ بَعْدَ التَّنْبِيهِ عَلَيْهِ، وَالتَّقْدِمَةُ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ يَجْرِي مَجْرَى تَأْكِيدِ الْإِعْلَامِ فِي التَّقَوِّي وَالْإِحْكَامِ، فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ نَحْوُ زَيْدٌ ضَرَبْتُهُ وَمَرَرْتُ بِهِ، وَمِمَّا يَكُونُ فِي التَّقَوِّي زَيْدٌ مَرَرْتُ بِهِ.

The states of the predicate, when predicated to the pronoun of the subject, and examples like 'Zayd, I hit him' are excluded from it, and it must be made causative; as for what the Sheikh mentioned in Dala'il al-I'jaz, which is that a noun is not brought forth stripped of governing agents except for a discourse he intends to predicate to it, when you say 'Zayd', you make the listener's heart aware that you intend to inform about him, so this is a preamble for it and an introduction to announce it, and when you say 'stood', it enters his heart with the entry of one who is familiar, and this is stronger for establishment and more preventive of doubt and suspicion; in sum, informing of a thing suddenly is not like informing of it after alerting to it and introducing it, for that acts as a confirmation of the information in terms of strengthening and firmness, so examples like 'Zayd, I hit him' and 'I passed by him' enter into it, and among what is in the strengthening is 'Zayd, I passed by him'.

وَيَخْرُجُ عَنْهُ إِلَخْ عَطْفٌ عَلَى يَخْتَصُّ عَطْفٌ لَازِمٌ عَلَى مَلْزُومٍ، أَيْ يَخْرُجُ عَنِ التَّقَوِّي الْمُسْنَدُ فِي زَيْدٌ ضَرَبْتُهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُسْنَدْ إِلَى ضَمِيرِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، بَلْ أُسْنِدَ إِلَى غَيْرِهِ وَهُوَ ضَمِيرُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ، وَوَجْهُ خُرُوجِهِ أَنَّ التَّقَوِّيَ سَبَبُهُ صَرْفُ الضَّمِيرِ الْمُسْنَدِ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، فَيَتَكَرَّرُ الْحُكْمُ فَيَحْصُلُ التَّقَوِّي، وَالضَّمِيرُ هُنَا لَا يَصْلُحُ لِلصَّرْفِ الْمَذْكُورِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ عِبَارَةً عَنِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَالَّذِي يَصْلُحُ لِلصَّرْفِ مَا كَانَ عِبَارَةً عَنِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ السَّابِقِ.

'And it is excluded from it, etc.' is a conjunction upon 'it is specific to', a necessary conjunction upon a necessitated element, meaning the predicate in 'Zayd, I hit him' is excluded from the strengthening; because it was not predicated to the pronoun of the subject, but rather it was predicated to something else, which is the pronoun of the speaker, and the reason for its exclusion is that the cause of the strengthening is the directing of the predicated pronoun to that subject, so the judgment is repeated and the strengthening is achieved, and the pronoun here is not suitable for the aforementioned directing; because it is not an expression for the subject, and what is suitable for directing is what was an expression for the preceding subject.

وَيَجِبُ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ أَيْ نَحْوُ زَيْدٌ ضَرَبْتُهُ سَبَبِيًّا، وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّ الْإِتْيَانَ بِالْمُسْنَدِ جُمْلَةً إِمَّا لِلتَّقَوِّي أَوْ لِكَوْنِهِ سَبَبِيًّا، فَإِذَا انْتَفَى أَحَدُهُمَا تَعَيَّنَ الْآخَرُ.

'And it must be made', meaning examples like 'Zayd, I hit him', causative, and that is because bringing the predicate as a sentence is either for strengthening or for it being causative, so if one of them is negated, the other is determined.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (30 verbs · 58 nouns)

• خَرَجَ — to be excluded
• ضَرَبَ — to hit
• جَعَلَ — to make
• أَحْوَالٌ — conditions
• مُسْنَدٌ — predicate
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun