Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 303

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَنُّ الْأَوَّلُ أَحْوَالُ الْمُسْنَدِ وَيَظْهَرُ ذَلِكَ فِي قَوْلِنَا رَأَيْتُ أُسُودًا غَابُهَا الرِّمَاحُ، وَلَا يَصِحُّ رِمَاحُهَا الْغَابُ، وَالثَّانِي جَمْعُ أَسَدٍ مُفْرَدُهُ رُمْحٌ يَعْنِي اعْتِبَارُ تَعْرِيفِ الْجِنْسِ قَدْ يُفِيدُ قَصْرَ الْجِنْسِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ تَحْقِيقًا نَحْوَ: زَيْدٌ الْأَمِيرُ أَيِ الْمُحَلَّى بِـ " أَلْ " مُسْنَدٌ إِلَيْهِ أَوْ مُسْنَدٌ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ أَمِيرٌ سِوَاهُ أَوْ مُبَالَغَةً لِكَمَالِهِ فِيهِ أَيْ لِكَمَالِ ذَلِكَ الشَّيْءِ فِي ذَلِكَ الْجِنْسِ، بَيَانٌ لِكَوْنِ الْقَصْرِ حَقِيقَةً أَوْ بِالْعَكْسِ نَحْوَ: عَمْرٌو الشُّجَاعُ أَيِ الْكَامِلُ فِي الشَّجَاعَةِ كَأَنَّهُ لَا اعْتِدَادَ بِشَجَاعَةِ غَيْرِهِ لِقُصُورِهَا عَنْ رُتْبَةِ الْكَمَالِ وَكَذَا إِذَا جُعِلَ الْمُعَرَّفُ بِلَامِ الْجِنْسِ مُبْتَدَأً نَحْوَ: الْأَمِيرُ زَيْدٌ وَالشُّجَاعُ عَمْرٌو، غَالُهَا: غَابَةٌ فَلَا وَيَظْهَرُ ذَلِكَ إِلَخْ أَيِ الضَّابِطَةُ فِي قَوْلِنَا: رَأَيْتُ أُسُودًا غَابُهَا الرِّمَاحُ، وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّ الْمَعْلُومَ لِلْأُسُودِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ الْغَابُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مَبِيتُهَا دُونَ الرِّمَاحِ، فَالْجُزْءُ الَّذِي مِنْ شَأْنِهِ أَنْ يُعْلَمَ عِنْدَ ذِكْرِ الْأُسُودِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ الْغَابُ فَيُقَدَّمُ وَيُجْعَلُ مُبْتَدَأً، وَالْمُرَادُ بِالْأُسُودِ هَهُنَا الْمَعْنَى الْمَجَازِيُّ وَهُوَ الشُّجْعَانُ، فَفِيهِ اسْتِعَارَةٌ تَصْرِيحِيَّةٌ وَغَابُهَا الرِّمَاحُ قَرِينَةٌ جَعٌ وَهِيَ مُلْتَفُّ الشَّجَرِ يَسْكُنُ فِيهِ الْأَسَدُ وَلَا يَصِحُّ أَيْ لِعَدَمِ الْعِلْمِ بِالرِّمَاحِ لِلْأُسُودِ.

The first art is the states of the predicate, and this is evident in our saying: 'I saw lions whose thicket is the spears,' and it is not correct to say 'their spears are the thicket,' and the second is the plural of lion, its singular is spear, meaning the consideration of the definition of the genus may imply restricting the genus to something in reality, such as: 'Zayd is the prince,' meaning the one adorned with 'al-' is a subject or a predicate if there is no prince other than him, or by way of hyperbole for his perfection in it, meaning for the perfection of that thing in that genus, an explanation for the restriction being real or the opposite, such as: 'Amr is the brave one,' meaning the one perfect in bravery, as if the bravery of others is of no account due to its falling short of the rank of perfection, and likewise if the one defined by the 'lam' of the genus is made a subject, such as: 'The prince is Zayd' and 'The brave one is Amr,' its thicket: a forest, so 'and this is evident' etc., meaning the rule in our saying: 'I saw lions whose thicket is the spears,' and that is because what is known for lions is only the thicket; because it is their dwelling place, not the spears, so the part that is expected to be known when mentioning lions is only the thicket, so it is brought forward and made a subject, and what is meant by lions here is the metaphorical meaning, which is the brave ones, so it contains an explicit metaphor, and 'their thicket is the spears' is a contextual indicator, and it is the dense trees in which the lion dwells, and it is not correct, meaning due to the lack of knowledge of spears for lions.

وَالثَّانِي إِلَخْ اعْلَمْ أَنَّ كَلَامَ الْمُصَنِّفِ يُفِيدُ أَنَّ الْأَوَّلَ وَهُوَ اعْتِبَارُ تَعْرِيفِ الْعَهْدِ لَا يُفِيدُ الْحَصْرَ، وَهُوَ كَذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحَصْرَ إِنَّمَا يُتَصَوَّرُ فِيمَا يَكُونُ فِيهِ الْعُمُومُ كَالْجِنْسِ فَيَنْحَصِرُ فِي بَعْضِ الْأَفْرَادِ، وَالْمَعْهُودُ الْخَارِجِيُّ لَا عُمُومَ فِيهِ، حَصْرٌ، كَذَا قِيلَ، وَهُوَ ظَاهِرٌ فِي قَصْرِ الْإِفْرَادِ وَأَمَّا قَصْرُ الْقَلْبِ فَيَتَأَتَّى فِي الْمَعْهُودِ أَيْضًا، فَيُقَالُ لِمَنِ اعْتَقَدَ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ الْمُنْطَلِقَ الْمَعْهُودَ هُوَ عَمْرٌو: "الْمُنْطَلِقُ زَيْدٌ" أَيْ لَا عَمْرٌو كَمَا تَعْتَقِدُهُ.

And the second, etc., know that the author's words imply that the first, which is the consideration of the definition of the covenant, does not imply restriction, and it is so; because restriction is only conceived in that which has generality, like the genus, so it is restricted to some individuals, and the external covenanted object has no generality in it, restriction, so it was said, and it is apparent in the restriction of individuals, but as for the restriction of reversal, it is also possible in the covenanted object, so it is said to one who believed that that covenanted departing one is Amr: 'The departing one is Zayd,' meaning not Amr as you believe.

قَصْرُ الْجِنْسِ: أَيْ قَصْرُ جِنْسِ مَعْنَى الْخَبَرِ كَالِانْطِلَاقِ فِي الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ، أَوْ جِنْسِ مَعْنَى الْمُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ فِي عَكْسِهِ.

Restriction of the genus: meaning the restriction of the genus of the meaning of the predicate, like departing in the mentioned example, or the genus of the meaning of the subject in its opposite.

…6 more translated lines, 9 more verbs and 68 more nouns on this page — subscribe to study every page.

Vocabulary · المفردات (12 verbs · 71 nouns)

• ظَهَرَ — to appear
• رَأَى — to see
• صَحَّ — to be correct
• فَنٌّ — art
• أَوَّلٌ — first
• حَالٌ — state