Egyptian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 2 — Page 19

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِي الْبَيْتُ وَطَنٌ

Lesson Two: Home is a Homeland.

أَمَّا فِي ( د ) فَإِنَّكَ أَرَدْتَ أَنْ تَنْسُبَ الْمَجْدَ وَالْكَرَمَ إِلَى مَنْ تُخَاطِبُهُ، فَعَدَلْتَ عَنْ نِسْبَتِهِمَا إِلَيْهِ مُبَاشَرَةً وَنَسَبْتَهُمَا إِلَى مَا لَهُ اتِّصَالٌ بِهِ وَهُوَ الثَّوْبَانِ وَالْبَرْدَانِ، وَيُسَمَّى هَذَا التَّعْبِيرُ كِنَايَةً عَنْ نِسْبَةٍ، فَقَدْ نَسَبَ الْمَجْدَ وَالْكَرَمَ إِلَيْهِ.

In (d), you wanted to attribute glory and generosity to the person you are addressing, so you refrained from attributing them directly and instead attributed them to something connected to him—the two garments and the two cloaks. This expression is called metonymy of attribution, as he has attributed glory and generosity to him.

وَفِي (هـ) أَرَادَ الْمُتَنَبِّي أَنْ يُثْبِتَ الْمَجْدَ لِكَافُورٍ فَتَرَكَ التَّصْرِيحَ وَلَمْ يَقُلْ كَافُورٌ صَاحِبُ مَجْدٍ، وَإِنَّمَا أَثْبَتَهُ لِمَا لَهُ تَعَلُّقٌ بِكَافُورٍ وَهُوَ الثَّوْبُ، فَالْكِنَايَةُ عَنْ نِسْبَةٍ أَيْضًا.

In (e), Al-Mutanabbi wanted to establish glory for Kafur, so he avoided an explicit statement; he did not say 'Kafur is a possessor of glory,' but rather established it for something connected to Kafur, which is his garment. This is also metonymy of attribution.

اسْتَنْتِجْ

Conclude:

الْكِنَايَةُ: لَفْظٌ أُطْلِقَ وَأُرِيدَ بِهِ لَازِمُ مَعْنَاهُ مَعَ جَوَازِ إِرَادَةِ ذَلِكَ الْمَعْنَى وَالْعَلَاقَةُ هُنَا التَّلَازُمُ بَيْنَ الْمَعْنَى الَّذِي يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ ظَاهِرُ اللَّفْظِ وَالْمَعْنَى الْآخَرِ الْمُرَادِ مِنْهُ.

Metonymy (Kinayah): A term used where the implied meaning is intended, while allowing for the literal meaning as well. The relationship here is the association between the meaning indicated by the literal wording and the other intended meaning.

- تَنْقَسِمُ الْكِنَايَةُ إِلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ بِاعْتِبَارِ الْمُكَنَّى عَنْهُ، فَإِنَّ الْمُكَنَّى عَنْهُ قَدْ يَكُونُ صِفَةً، أَوْ مَوْصُوفًا، أَوْ نِسْبَةً.

- Metonymy is divided into three categories based on what is being referred to: an attribute, a described person or thing, or an attribution.

- جَمَالُ الْكِنَايَةِ فِي الْإِيجَازِ وَفِي التَّلْمِيحِ.

- The beauty of metonymy lies in its conciseness and allusion.

تَخْتَلِفُ التَّعْبِيرَاتُ الْكِنَائِيَّةُ مِنْ عَصْرٍ إِلَى عَصْرٍ، وَيَكْثُرُ التَّعْبِيرُ بِهَا فِي عُصُورِ الْقَهْرِ وَالظُّلْمِ.

Metonymic expressions vary from one era to another, and their use increases in eras of oppression and injustice.

مِنْ جَمَالِيَّاتِ النَّصِّ

From the Aesthetics of the Text

خُذْ وَلَا تَخَلَّ:

Take and do not leave:

(أ) الْمُوسِيقَى وَتَتَمَثَّلُ فِي وَحْدَةِ الْوَزْنِ وَالْقَافِيَةِ. قُلْ: عَاقَبَ الْمُدِيرُ الطُّلَّابَ غَيْرَ الْمُلْتَزِمِينَ.

(a) Music, represented by the unity of meter and rhyme. Say: The principal punished the non-committed students.

(ب) تَأَمَّلْ قَوْلَ الشَّاعِرِ: «فَقَدْ أَلِفَتْهُ النَّفْسُ، وَقَدْ ضَامَنِي وَلَا تَقُلْ عَاقَبَ الْمُدِيرُ الطُّلَّابَ الْغَيْرَ مُلْتَزِمِينَ.

(b) Contemplate the poet's words: 'The soul has become accustomed to it, and it has oppressed me,' and do not say: The principal punished the non-committed students.

تَجِدْ أَنَّ الْجُمْلَتَيْنِ مُؤَكَّدَتَانِ بِقَدْ، فَقَدْ أَكَّدَ حُبَّهُ لِوَطَنِهِ قُلْ: حَيْثُ إِنَّ ..

You will find that both sentences are emphasized with 'qad'; he has emphasized his love for his homeland. Say: 'Haythu inna'...

وَظُلْمَ هَذَا الْجَارِ لَهُ

And this neighbor's oppression of him.

وَلَا تَقُلْ: حَيْثُ أَنَّ ...

And do not say: 'Haythu anna'...

- وَتَأَمَّلِ التَّقْدِيمَ وَالتَّأْخِيرَ فِي قَوْلِهِ فِي الْبَيْتِ الرَّابِعِ

- Contemplate the fronting and delaying in his words in the fourth verse.

فَقَدْ أَخَّرَ الْفَاعِلَ «مَآرِبُ» لِلتَّشْوِيقِ وَجَمَعَهَا لِلتَّعْظِيمِ. أَمَّا حَقًّا فَقَدْ جَاءَتْ مُفْرَدًا نَكِرَةً لِلدَّلَالَةِ عَلَى الْقِلَّةِ، فَهُمْ لَا يَرْعَوْنَ الْحَقَّ وَلَوْ كَانَ قَلِيلًا ضَئِيلًا.

He delayed the subject 'ma'arib' (needs) for suspense and made it plural for glorification. As for 'haqqan' (a right), it appears as a singular indefinite noun to indicate scarcity, for they do not observe the right even if it were small and insignificant.

- تَأَمَّلْ قَوْلَهُ: «فَجَلِّ عَنِ الْمَظْلُومِ» أُسْلُوبُ أَمْرٍ غَرَضُهُ الِالْتِمَاسُ، أَوِ الرَّجَاءُ.

- Contemplate his words: 'So remove [the injustice] from the oppressed,' an imperative style intended as a request or a plea.

نَشَاطٌ

Activity

اكْتَشِفْ أَسْرَارَ الْمَعَانِي فِي النَّصِّ وَنَاقِشْهَا مَعَ زُمَلَائِكَ.

Discover the secrets of the meanings in the text and discuss them with your colleagues.

(جـ) الْخَيَالُ وَالتَّصْوِيرُ:

(c) Imagination and Imagery:

- تَأَمَّلْ قَوْلَ الشَّاعِرِ: «وَنِعْمَةَ كَنِعْمَةِ قَوْمٍ أَصْبَحُوا فِي ظِلَالِكَا».

- Contemplate the poet's words: 'And a blessing like the blessing of a people who have come to be in your shadows.'

هَلْ تَعْلَمُ أَنَّ

Do you know that

لَنَا وَاجِبَاتٍ تُجَاهَ وَطَنِنَا، كَمَا أَنَّ

we have duties toward our homeland, just as

تَشْبِيهٌ صَوَّرَ فِيهِ نَعِيمَ الشَّاعِرِ فِي ظِلَالِ وَطَنِهِ (مَنْزِلِهِ) بِنَعِيمِ جَمَاعَةٍ

a simile in which he depicted the poet's bliss in the shadows of his homeland (his house) as the bliss of a group

لَنَا حُقُوقًا

we have rights.

مِنَ النَّاسِ فِي ظِلَالِ هَذَا الْوَالِي.

of people in the shadows of this governor.

.. ثُمَّ تَأَمَّلْ هَذَا التَّصْوِيرَ الرَّائِعَ فِي الْبَيْتِ الثَّالِثِ: «فَقَدْ أَلِفَتْهُ النَّفْسُ حَتَّى كَأَنَّهُ - لَهَا جَسَدٌ .... فَقَدْ شَبَّهَ

.. Then contemplate this wonderful imagery in the third verse: 'The soul has become accustomed to it until it is as if it were a body for it...' He has likened

وُجُودَهُ فِي هَذَا الْوَطَنِ الْمَنْزِلِ وَارْتِبَاطَهُ بِهِ بِوُجُودِ النَّفْسِ فِي الْجَسَدِ.

his existence in this homeland-house and his connection to it to the existence of the soul in the body.

(تَأَمَّلِ الرَّسْمَ التَّوْضِيحِيَّ التَّالِيَ):

(Contemplate the following diagram):

الشَّاعِرُ فِي بَيْتِهِ - الْأَقْسَى فِي

The poet in his house - The harshest in

خَرَجَتْ مِنَ الْجِدِّ مَاتَ مَوْتًا حَقِيقِيًّا

It came out of seriousness; he died a real death.

خَرَجَ مِنْ بَيْتِهِ ← مَاتَ مَوْتًا مَجَازِيًّا

He left his house ← He died a metaphorical death.

الدَّوْلِيَّةُ لِتَحْوِيلِ الْوَرَقِ

International [Company] for Paper Conversion

الْفَصْلُ الدِّرَاسِيُّ الثَّانِي

The Second Semester

Vocabulary · المفردات (29 verbs · 77 nouns)

• أَرَادَ — to want
• نَسَبَ — to attribute
• خَاطَبَ — to address
• عَدَلَ — to turn away
• سَمَّى — to name
• أَثْبَتَ — to prove
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• قَالَ — to say
• اِسْتَنْتَجَ — to deduce
• أَطْلَقَ — to release
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• انْقَسَمَ — to be divided
• اخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• كَثُرَ — to be frequent
• تَمَثَّلَ — to be represented
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• أَلِفَ — to be accustomed to
• ضَامَ — to oppress
• وَجَدَ — to find
• أَكَّدَ — to confirm
• أَخَّرَ — to delay
• جَمَعَ — to collect
• جَاءَ — to come
• رَعَى — to observe
• اكْتَشَفَ — to discover
• نَاقَشَ — to discuss
• أَصْبَحَ — to become
• صَوَّرَ — to depict
• شَبَّهَ — to liken
• مَجْدٌ — glory
• كَرَمٌ — generosity
• اتِّصَالٌ — connection
• ثَوْبٌ — a garment
• بَرْدٌ — cloak
• تَعْبِيرٌ — expression
• كِنَايَةٌ — metonymy
• تَصْرِيحٌ — declaration
• صَاحِبٌ — owner
• تَعَلُّقٌ — attachment
• لَفْظٌ — word
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• جَوَازٌ — permission
• عَلَاقَةٌ — relationship
• تَلَازُمٌ — cohesion
• ظَاهِرٌ — exterior
• قِسْمٌ — part
• اعْتِبَارٌ — consideration
• مَكْنِيٌّ — metonymic object
• صِفَةٌ — attribute
• مَوْصُوفٌ — described
• جَمَالٌ — beauty
• إِيجَازٌ — brevity
• تَلْمِيحٌ — allusion
• عَصْرٌ — era
• قَهْرٌ — coercion
• ظُلْمٌ — injustice
• مُوسِيقَى — music
• وَحْدَةٌ — unity
• وَزْنٌ — meter
• قَافِيَةٌ — rhyme
• شَاعِرٌ — poet
• نَفْسٌ — soul / psyche
• جَارٌ — neighbor
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• حُبٌّ — love
• وَطَنٌ — homeland
• تَقْدِيمٌ — fronting
• تَأْخِيرٌ — delay
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• فَاعِلٌ — subject
• مَأْرَبٌ — goal
• تَشْوِيقٌ — suspense
• تَعْظِيمٌ — veneration
• حَقٌّ — right
• نَكِرَةٌ — indefinite
• دَلَالَةٌ — indication
• قِلَّةٌ — scarcity
• قَلِيلٌ — a little
• ضَئِيلٌ — insignificant
• أُسْلُوبٌ — style
• أَمْرٌ — command
• غَرَضٌ — aim, purpose
• الْتِمَاسٌ — request
• رَجَاءٌ — hope
• نَشَاطٌ — activity
• سِرٌّ — secret
• نَصٌّ — text
• زَمِيلٌ — colleague
• خَيَالٌ — imagination
• تَصْوِيرٌ — imagery
• نِعْمَةٌ — blessing
• قَوْمٌ — people
• ظِلٌّ — shade
• تَشْبِيهٌ — simile
• نَعِيمٌ — bliss
• مَنْزِلٌ — home
• جَمَاعَةٌ — group
• نَاسٌ — people
• وَالٍ — governor
• رَائِعٌ — wonderful
• وُجُودٌ — existence
• ارْتِبَاطٌ — link
• جَسَدٌ — body
• مَوْت — death / decease
• مُرَاد — desired
• مَظْلُوم — oppressed