Egyptian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 1 — Page 15

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الدَّرْسُ الْأَوَّلُ: مَكَارِمُ الْأَخْلَاقِ وَحَاتِمُ الطَّائِيِّ.

Lesson One: Noble Morals and Hatim al-Ta'i.

اِسْتَنْتِجْ: أَفْعَالُ الْمُقَارَبَةِ (كَادَ، كَرَبَ، أَوْشَكَ)، أَفْعَالُ الرَّجَاءِ (عَسَى، حَرَى، اِخْلَوْلَقَ)، أَفْعَالُ الشُّرُوعِ (أَخَذَ، طَفِقَ، شَرَعَ).

Deduce: Verbs of approximation (kada, karaba, awshaka), verbs of hope (asa, hara, ikhlwalaqa), and verbs of inception (akhadha, tafiqa, shara'a).

هَذِهِ الْأَفْعَالُ تَدْخُلُ عَلَى الْجُمْلَةِ الْاِسْمِيَّةِ فَتَرْفَعُ الْمُبْتَدَأَ وَيُسَمَّى اِسْمَهَا، وَتَنْصِبُ الْخَبَرَ وَيُسَمَّى خَبَرَهَا، وَلَكِنَّهَا تَخْتَلِفُ عَنْ كَانَ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا فِي بَعْضِ الْأَحْكَامِ حَيْثُ يَأْتِي خَبَرُهَا جُمْلَةً فِعْلِيَّةً فِعْلُهَا مُضَارِعٌ مُقْتَرِنًا بِأَنْ مَعَ بَعْضِ الْأَفْعَالِ، وَمُجَرَّدًا مِنْهَا مَعَ أَفْعَالٍ أُخْرَى، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَأْتِ خَبَرُهَا جُمْلَةً فِعْلِيَّةً فَهِيَ أَفْعَالٌ تَامَّةٌ.

These verbs modify nominal sentences by placing the subject in the nominative case (as their noun) and the predicate in the accusative case (as their predicate). They differ from 'kana' and its sisters in that their predicate must be a verbal sentence with a present-tense verb, which may or may not be linked with 'an'. If the predicate is not a verbal sentence, these verbs function as complete verbs.

يَقِلُّ اقْتِرَانُ الْخَبَرِ بِأَنْ مَعَ (كَادَ وَكَرَبَ)، وَيَكْثُرُ مَعَ (أَوْشَكَ وَعَسَى) وَيَجِبُ اقْتِرَانُهُ بِأَنْ مَعَ (حَرَى وَاخْلَوْلَقَ) وَيَمْتَنِعُ اقْتِرَانُهُ بِأَنْ مَعَ (أَفْعَالِ الشُّرُوعِ).

The use of 'an' with the predicate is rare with 'kada' and 'karaba', frequent with 'awshaka' and 'asa', mandatory with 'hara' and 'ikhlwalaqa', and prohibited with verbs of inception.

أَفْعَالُ الْمُقَارَبَةِ وَالرَّجَاءِ وَالشُّرُوعِ أَفْعَالٌ مَاضِيَةٌ جَامِدَةٌ تَعْمَلُ فِي الْمَاضِي فَقَطْ عَدَا (كَادَ، أَوْشَكَ) فَالْمُضَارِعُ مِثْلُهُمَا يَعْمَلُ مِثْلَ الْمَاضِي.

Verbs of approximation, hope, and inception are frozen past-tense verbs that function only in the past, except for 'kada' and 'awshaka', whose present-tense forms function the same as their past-tense forms.

تَطْبِيقَاتٌ مِنَ الْحَيَاةِ: بَعْدَ دِرَاسَةِ أَفْعَالِ الْمُقَارَبَةِ وَالرَّجَاءِ وَالشُّرُوعِ اِسْتَمِعْ إِلَى حِوَارَاتٍ وَتَعْلِيقَاتٍ فِي بَرَامِجِ الْحِوَارِ وَمَوَاقِعِ التَّوَاصُلِ الِاجْتِمَاعِيِّ ثُمَّ حَدِّدْ مَدَى الِالْتِزَامِ بِالْقَاعِدَةِ الْمُعَالَجَةِ، ثُمَّ دَوِّنْ مُلَاحَظَاتِكَ فِي مُفَكِّرَتِكَ الْخَاصَّةِ لِتَسْتَفِيدَ مِنْهَا عِنْدَ الْكِتَابَةِ الْوَظِيفِيَّةِ أَوِ الْإِبْدَاعِيَّةِ.

Real-world application: After studying these verbs, listen to dialogues and commentary on talk shows and social media. Determine how closely the speakers adhere to these rules, then record your observations in your notebook to use in your own professional or creative writing.

عَيِّنْ فِي الْجُمَلِ التَّالِيَةِ أَفْعَالَ الرَّجَاءِ وَالْمُقَارَبَةِ وَالشُّرُوعِ:

Identify the verbs of hope, approximation, and inception in the following sentences:

(أ) قَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَكَادُ زَيْتُهَا يُضِيءُ وَلَوْ لَمْ تَمْسَسْهُ نَارٌ﴾.

(a) The Almighty says: 'Its oil would almost glow, even if no fire touched it.'

(ب) عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَهْدِيَ شَبَابَنَا إِلَى مَا فِيهِ الْحَقُّ.

(b) May Allah guide our youth toward the truth.

(ج) أَخَذَ الطَّالِبُ يُحَقِّقُ أَهْدَافَهُ.

(c) The student began achieving his goals.

(د) أَوْشَكَتِ الدَّوْلَةُ أَنْ تُنْجِزَ خُطَّتَهَا لِرِعَايَةِ الْفُقَرَاءِ.

(d) The state is about to complete its plan to support the poor.

اِجْعَلْ كُلًّا مِمَّا يَأْتِي خَبَرًا لِفِعْلٍ مُنَاسِبٍ مِنْ أَفْعَالِ كَادَ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا وَغَيِّرْ مَا يَلْزَمُ:

Turn each of the following into a predicate for a suitable verb from the 'kada' group, making any necessary changes:

(أ) يَعْرِفُ الْمِصْرِيُّ وَاجِبَهُ حَقَّ الْمَعْرِفَةِ.

(a) The Egyptian knows his duty well.

(ب) تَسْتَعِدُّ الْأُمَّهَاتُ لِلِاحْتِفَالِ بِعِيدِ الْأُمِّ.

(b) Mothers are preparing to celebrate Mother's Day.

Vocabulary · المفردات (42 verbs · 51 nouns)

• اِسْتَنْتَجَ — to deduce
• كَادَ — to be on the verge of
• كَرَبَ — to be on the verge of
• أَوْشَكَ — to be about to
• عَسَى — to hope
• حَرَى — to hope
• اِخْلَوْلَقَ — to hope
• أَخَذَ — to begin
• طَفِقَ — to begin
• شَرَعَ — to begin
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• رَفَعَ — to raise
• سَمَّى — to name
• نَصَبَ — to set up
• اِخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• كَانَ — to be
• أَتَى — to come
• اِقْتَرَنَ — to be connected
• قَلَّ — to be few
• كَثُرَ — to be many
• وَجَبَ — to be necessary
• اِمْتَنَعَ — to refrain
• عَمِلَ — to work
• عَدَا — to exclude
• دَرَسَ — to study
• اِسْتَمَعَ — to listen
• حَدَّدَ — to determine
• عَالَجَ — to treat
• دَوَّنَ — to record
• اِسْتَفَادَ — to benefit
• عَيَّنَ — to specify
• قَالَ — to say
• أَضَاءَ — to shine
• مَسَّ — to touch
• هَدَى — to guide
• حَقَّقَ — to achieve
• أَنْجَزَ — to accomplish
• جَعَلَ — to make
• غَيَّرَ — to change
• لَزِمَ — to be necessary
• عَرَفَ — to know
• اِسْتَعَدَّ — to prepare
• دَرْسٌ — lesson
• مَكَارِمُ — virtues
• أَخْلَاقٌ — morals
• حَاتِمٌ — Hatim
• طَائِيٌّ — Ta'i
• مُقَارَبَةٌ — approximation
• رَجَاءٌ — hope
• شُرُوعٌ — beginning
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• أُخْتٌ — sister
• حُكْمٌ — ruling
• تَطْبِيقٌ — application
• حَيَاةٌ — life
• دِرَاسَةٌ — study
• حِوَارٌ — dialogue
• تَعْلِيقٌ — comment
• بَرْنَامَجٌ — program
• مَوْقِعٌ — site
• تَوَاصُلٌ — communication
• اِجْتِمَاعِيٌّ — social
• مَدَى — extent
• اِلْتِزَامٌ — commitment
• قَاعِدَةٌ — rule
• مُلَاحَظَةٌ — note
• مُفَكِّرَةٌ — notebook
• خَاصَّةٌ — private
• كِتَابَةٌ — writing
• وَظِيفِيَّةٌ — functional
• إِبْدَاعِيَّةٌ — creative
• نَارٌ — fire
• شَابٌّ — young man
• حَقٌّ — truth
• طَالِبٌ — student
• هَدَفٌ — goal
• دَوْلَةٌ — state
• خُطَّةٌ — plan
• رِعَايَةٌ — care
• فَقِيرٌ — poor person
• مُنَاسِبٌ — appropriate
• مِصْرِيٌّ — Egyptian
• وَاجِبٌ — assignment, duty
• أُمٌّ — mother
• اِحْتِفَالٌ — celebration, festivity
• عِيدٌ — Eid (holiday)
• مُقْتَرِن — associated
• جَامِدَة — rigid
• تَامَّة — complete ; perfect
• مَاضِيَة — past
• زَيْت — oil