Egyptian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 1 — Page 13

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الدَّرْسُ الْأَوَّلُ: مَكَارِمُ الْأَخْلَاقِ وَخَاتَمُ الطَّائِي.

Lesson One: Noble Morals and the Seal of the Tayy Tribe.

تَأَمَّلِ الْمَجْمُوعَةَ (أ): تَجِدُ أَنَّ كَانَ وَأَخَوَاتِهَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْجُمْلَةِ الْاسْمِيَّةِ (الْمُبْتَدَأُ وَالْخَبَرُ) وَأَصْبَحَ الْمُبْتَدَأُ اسْمَ كَانَ مَرْفُوعًا، وَالْخَبَرُ خَبَرَ كَانَ مَنْصُوبًا، وَأَنَّ الْمَعْنَى لَمْ يَتِمَّ بِرَفْعِ اسْمِ كَانَ، بَلِ احْتَاجَ إِلَى نَصْبِ خَبَرِهَا؛ لِذَلِكَ سُمِّيَتْ كَانَ النَّاقِصَةَ، وَاسْمُ كَانَ هُوَ (حَاتِمٌ) فِي الْمِثَالَيْنِ الْأَوَّلِ وَالثَّانِي، وَ(سَائِلٌ) فِي الْمِثَالِ الثَّالِثِ، وَ(حَيَاةٌ) فِي الْمِثَالِ الرَّابِعِ، وَخَبَرُ كَانَ فِي الْأَمْثِلَةِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ عَلَى التَّرْتِيبِ (رَئِيسًا، مَضْرِبًا، مَحْظُوظًا، سَجِلًا).

Examine Group (A): You will find that 'Kana' and its sisters modify nominal sentences (subject and predicate). The subject becomes the nominative noun of 'Kana', and the predicate becomes its accusative complement. Since the meaning is not complete with the subject alone, it requires an accusative predicate; hence, 'Kana' is called 'incomplete' (naqisah). The noun of 'Kana' is 'Hatim' in the first and second examples, 'beggar' in the third, and 'life' in the fourth. The predicates in the four examples are, respectively: 'leader', 'model', 'lucky', and 'record'.

تَأَمَّلِ الْمَجْمُوعَةَ (ب): تَجِدُ (كَانَ وَأَصْبَحَ وَأَمْسَى) رَفَعَتْ فَاعِلًا ضَمِيرًا مُسْتَتِرًا تَقْدِيرُهُ (هُوَ) وَقَدِ اكْتَفَتْ بِرَفْعِهِ، وَلَمْ تَحْتَجْ إِلَى مَنْصُوبٍ، وَقَدْ تَمَّ الْمَعْنَى بِهَذَا الْمَرْفُوعِ؛ لِذَلِكَ نُسَمِّيهَا "تَامَّةً".

Examine Group (B): You will find that 'Kana', 'Asbaha', and 'Amsa' take a hidden pronoun subject (estimated as 'he'). They suffice with this subject and do not require an accusative, as the meaning is complete with the nominative alone; therefore, we call them 'complete' (tammah).

أَمَّا الْفِعْلُ (تَصِيرُ) فَقَدْ رَفَعَ فَاعِلًا، لَكِنَّهُ اسْمٌ ظَاهِرٌ، وَهُوَ (شُؤُونٌ) وَلَمْ يَحْتَجْ إِلَى مَنْصُوبٍ أَيْضًا، وَنُسَمِّيهِ فِعْلًا تَامًّا أَيْضًا.

As for the verb 'tasiru', it also takes an explicit subject, 'affairs', and requires no accusative, so it is also classified as a complete verb.

اسْتَنْتِجْ: مِنْ خِلَالِ الْمُلَاحَظَةِ السَّابِقَةِ تَسْتَنْتِجُ أَنَّ كَانَ تَأْتِي نَاقِصَةً إِذَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى الْجُمْلَةِ الْاسْمِيَّةِ، وَلَمْ يَتِمَّ الْمَعْنَى بِرَفْعِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ (اسْمِهَا) فَإِنَّهَا تَحْتَاجُ إِلَى خَبَرٍ مَنْصُوبٍ لِكَيْ يَكْتَمِلَ الْمَعْنَى وَتَكُونُ نَاقِصَةً نَاسِخَةً.

Conclusion: Based on the previous observation, you can conclude that 'Kana' is incomplete when it enters a nominal sentence. Because the meaning is not complete with the subject alone, it requires an accusative predicate to function as an incomplete, abrogating verb.

وَتَأْتِي تَامَّةً إِذَا اكْتَفَتْ بِمَرْفُوعِهَا وَلَمْ تَحْتَجْ إِلَى مَنْصُوبٍ، وَتَمَّ الْمَعْنَى بِهَذَا الْمَرْفُوعِ الَّذِي يُعْرَبُ فَاعِلًا.

It is complete when it suffices with its nominative subject, which is parsed as the agent of the verb.

وَتَأْتِي هَذِهِ الْأَفْعَالُ تَامَّةً مَا عَدَا ثَلَاثَةً مِنْهَا هِيَ: (لَيْسَ، فَتِئَ، زَالَ) فَتَأْتِي نَاقِصَةً دَائِمًا.

All these verbs can be complete, except for three—'laysa', 'fati'a', and 'zala'—which are always incomplete.

تَطْبِيقَاتٌ مِنَ الْحَيَاةِ: بَعْدَ دِرَاسَتِكَ لِقَاعِدَةِ كَانَ التَّامَّةِ وَكَانَ النَّاقِصَةِ تَجَوَّلْ فِي الْمُنْتَدَيَاتِ ثُمَّ حَدِّدْ مَدَى تَطْبِيقِ الْمُشَارِكِينَ لِلِاسْتِنْتَاجِ السَّابِقِ ثُمَّ دَوِّنْ مُلَاحَظَاتِكَ فِي مُفَكِّرَتِكَ الْخَاصَّةِ؛ لِتَسْتَفِيدَ مِنْهَا عِنْدَ الْكِتَابَةِ الْوَظِيفِيَّةِ أَوِ الْإِبْدَاعِيَّةِ.

Real-world applications: After studying the rules of complete and incomplete 'Kana', browse online forums to see how participants apply this rule. Record your observations in your notebook to use in your own professional or creative writing.

اقْرَأْ ثُمَّ عَيِّنْ كَانَ أَوْ إِحْدَى أَخَوَاتِهَا مُبَيِّنًا نَوْعَهَا (تَامَّةً - نَاقِصَةً):

Read the following and identify 'Kana' or its sisters, noting whether each is complete or incomplete:

(أ) رَاقِبِ اللَّهَ حِينَ تُمْسِي، وَحِينَ تُصْبِحُ.

(A) Be mindful of God when you enter the evening and when you enter the morning.

(ب) قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ: «اتَّقِ اللَّهَ حَيْثُمَا كُنْتَ».

(B) The Messenger of God said: 'Fear God wherever you are.'

(ج) بَاتَ الْحَقُّ وَاضِحًا.

(C) The truth became clear.

(د) قَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿أَلَا إِلَى اللَّهِ تَصِيرُ الْأُمُورُ﴾.

(D) The Almighty said: 'Verily, to God do all matters return.'

(هـ) قَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَكَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ لِرَبِّهِ كَفُورًا﴾.

(E) The Almighty said: 'And Satan was ever ungrateful to his Lord.'

(و) أَرَادَ أَجْدَادُنَا الْقُدَمَاءُ صُنْعَ حَضَارَةٍ رَائِدَةٍ وَقَدْ كَانَ.

(F) Our ancestors wanted to build a pioneering civilization, and it came to be.

(ز) يَبْقَى الْخَيْرُ مَا دَامَتِ الْحَيَاةُ.

(G) Goodness remains as long as life lasts.

(ح) أَضْحَى قَبُولُ الْآخَرِ أَمْرًا حَيَوِيًّا.

(H) Accepting others has become a vital matter.

Vocabulary · المفردات (35 verbs · 67 nouns)

• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• وَجَدَ — to find
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• أَصْبَحَ — to become
• تَمَّ — to be completed
• احْتَاجَ — to need
• سَمَّى — to name
• أَمْسَى — to become in the evening
• اكْتَفَى — to suffice
• صَارَ — to become
• اسْتَنْتَجَ — to deduce
• أَعْرَبَ — to parse
• فَتِئَ — to cease
• زَالَ — to cease
• دَرَسَ — to study
• تَجَوَّلَ — to wander
• حَدَّدَ — to determine
• دَوَّنَ — to record
• اسْتَفَادَ — to benefit
• قَرَأَ — to read
• عَيَّنَ — to appoint
• بَيَّنَ — to clarify
• رَاقَبَ — to watch
• قَالَ — to say
• اتَّقَى — to fear God
• بَاتَ — to spend the night
• أَرَادَ — to want
• بَقِيَ — to remain
• دَامَ — to last
• أَضْحَى — to become in the morning
• رَفَعَ — to raise
• أَتَى — to come
• اكْتَمَلَ — to be complete
• عَدَا — to exclude
• كَانَ — to be
• دَرْسٌ — lesson
• مَكْرُمَةٌ — virtue
• خُلُقٌ — morality
• مَجْمُوعَةٌ — group
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• اسْمٌ — name
• مَعْنًى — meaning
• مِثَالٌ — an example
• سَائِلٌ — asker
• حَيَاةٌ — life
• تَرْتِيبٌ — order
• رَئِيسٌ — president
• مَضْرِبٌ — example
• مَحْظُوظٌ — lucky person
• سِجِلٌّ — record
• فَاعِلٌ — subject
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• فِعْلٌ — Form I (verb pattern)
• شُؤُونٌ — affairs
• مُلَاحَظَةٌ — observation
• قَاعِدَةٌ — rule
• مُنْتَدًى — forum
• مَدًى — extent
• مُشَارِكٌ — participant
• اسْتِنْتَاجٌ — deduction
• مُفَكِّرَةٌ — notebook
• كِتَابَةٌ — writing
• رَسُولٌ — messenger
• حَقٌّ — truth
• أَمْرٌ — matter
• شَيْطَانٌ — devil
• رَبٌّ — lord
• كَفُورٌ — disbeliever
• جَدٌّ — grandfather
• حَضَارَةٌ — civilization
• رَائِدٌ — pioneer
• خَيْرٌ — good, goodness, welfare, benefit
• قَبُولٌ — acceptance
• آخَرُ — other
• نَوْع — kind
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• نَاسِخَة — abrogating
• نَاقِصَة — an incomplete thing; an incomplete woman; a deficient thing/woman
• تَامَّة — complete ; perfect
• أَخْلَاق — character
• مُسْتَتِر — hidden
• إِبْدَاعِيَّة — creative
• اسْمِيَّة — nominal
• مَكَارِمُ — virtues
• خَاتَمٌ — ring
• طَائِيٌّ — Ta'i
• نَاقِصٌ — incomplete
• حَاتِمٌ — Hatim
• أَمْثِلَةٌ — examples
• تَامٌّ — complete
• سَابِقٌ — previous
• نَاسِخٌ — abrogator
• تَطْبِيقٌ — application
• وَظِيفِيٌّ — functional
• إِبْدَاعِيٌّ — creative
• وَاضِحٌ — clear
• قَدِيمٌ — ancient
• صُنْعٌ — making
• حَيَوِيٌّ — vital