Egyptian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Grammar (النحو) — Page 16

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

التَّغْيِيرُ الَّذِي يَحْدُثُ فِي صُورَةِ جَمْعِ التَّكْسِيرِ عَنْ مُفْرَدِهِ قَدْ يَكُونُ:

The changes that occur in a broken plural compared to its singular form may be:

بِزِيَادَةِ حُرُوفٍ عَلَى الْمُفْرَدِ مِثْلُ: (قَلَم - أَقْلَام) - (قَمِيص - قُمْصَان).

By adding letters to the singular, such as: (pen - pens) or (shirt - shirts).

بِنَقْصِ بَعْضِ الْحُرُوفِ مِثْلُ: (كِتَاب - كُتُب) - (شَجَرَة - شَجَر).

By removing some letters, such as: (book - books) or (tree - trees).

بِتَغْيِيرٍ فِي شَكْلِ الْحُرُوفِ مِثْلُ: (أَسَد - أُسْد).

By changing the vowel patterns of the letters, such as: (lion - lions).

قَدْ تُجْمَعُ الْكَلِمَةُ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ جَمْعٍ مِثْلُ الْكَلِمَاتِ: (كَاتِب – عَامِل – عَاقِل – وَفِيّ) وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الصِّفَاتِ لِلْمُذَكَّرِ الْعَاقِلِ.

A word may have more than one plural form, such as the words: (writer - worker - rational - loyal) and other adjectives for rational masculine nouns.

فَيُمْكِنُ أَنْ تُجْمَعَ جَمْعَ مُذَكَّرٍ سَالِمًا لِتَوَافُرِ شُرُوطِهِ فَنَقُولُ: (كَاتِبُونَ - عَامِلُونَ - عَاقِلُونَ - وَفِيُّونَ).

These can be pluralized as sound masculine plurals if the conditions are met, such as: (writers - workers - rational ones - loyal ones).

وَيُمْكِنُ أَنْ تُجْمَعَ جَمْعَ تَكْسِيرٍ فَتَقُولُ: (كَتَبَة - وَكُتَّاب) - (عَمَلَة - عُمَّال) - (وَعُقَلَاء) - وَ(أَوْفِيَاء).

They can also be pluralized as broken plurals, such as: (clerks - writers) - (laborers - workers) - (rational ones) - and (loyal ones).

الِاسْمُ النَّكِرَةُ: اسْمٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَى غَيْرِ مُعَيَّنٍ مِثْلُ: (رَجُل)، فَهِيَ كَلِمَةٌ شَائِعَةٌ لَا تَدُلُّ عَلَى رَجُلٍ بِعَيْنِهِ بَلْ تَصْدُقُ عَلَى أَيِّ رَجُلٍ.

Indefinite noun: a noun that refers to something unspecified, such as: (man). It is a general term that does not point to a specific man but applies to any man.

الِاسْمُ الْمَعْرِفَةُ: كُلُّ اسْمٍ يَدُلُّ عَلَى مُعَيَّنٍ، مِثْلُ (مُحَمَّد) فَيَدُلُّ عَلَى شَخْصٍ مُعَيَّنٍ سُمِّيَ بِهَذَا الِاسْمِ.

Definite noun: any noun that refers to something specific, such as (Muhammad), which identifies a particular person given that name.

وَالْمَعْرِفَةُ أَنْوَاعٌ هِيَ: (١) الضَّمِيرُ. (٢) الْعَلَمُ. (٣) اسْمُ الْإِشَارَةِ. (٤) الِاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ. (٥) الْمُعَرَّفُ بِأَلْ. (٦) الْمُضَافُ إِلَى أَحَدِ هَذِهِ الْمَعَارِفِ.

Definite nouns fall into these categories: (1) Pronouns. (2) Proper nouns. (3) Demonstratives. (4) Relative pronouns. (5) Nouns defined by 'al'. (6) Nouns made definite by being in a genitive construction with one of these types.

الضَّمِيرُ: اسْمُ مَعْرِفَةٍ يَدُلُّ عَلَى الْمُتَكَلِّمِ، أَوِ الْمُخَاطَبِ، أَوِ الْغَائِبِ.

Pronoun: a definite noun that refers to the speaker, the person addressed, or a third party.

وَهُوَ نَوْعَانِ: أ) بَارِزٌ: وَهُوَ مَا لَهُ صُورَةٌ فِي اللَّفْظِ نَنْطِقُهَا.

They are of two types: a) Explicit: those that have a visible form in speech that we pronounce.

ب) مُسْتَتِرٌ: وَهُوَ مَا لَيْسَ لَهُ صُورَةٌ فِي اللَّفْظِ يُمْكِنُ نُطْقُهَا، وَلَكِنَّهُ يُفْهَمُ مِنَ الْكَلَامِ، وَلَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا لِلرَّفْعِ كَمَا نَرَى فِي الْجَدْوَلِ الْآتِي:

b) Hidden: those that have no visible form in speech to pronounce, but are understood from the context. These only occur in the nominative case, as shown in the following table:

Vocabulary · المفردات (11 verbs · 63 nouns)

• حَدَثَ — to happen
• كَانَ — to be
• جَمَعَ — to collect
• قَالَ — to say
• تَوَافَرَ — to be available
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• صَدَقَ — to be true
• سَمَّى — to name
• نَطَقَ — to pronounce
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• رَأَى — to see
• مَلْحُوظَة — note
• تَغْيِير — change
• صُورَة — form
• جَمْع — plural
• تَكْسِير — broken plural
• مُفْرَد — singular
• زِيَادَة — increase
• حَرْف — letter
• قَلَم — pen
• قَمِيص — shirt
• نَقْص — decrease
• بَعْض — some
• كِتَاب — book
• شَجَرَة — tree
• شَكْل — shape
• أَسَد — lion
• كَلِمَة — a word (grammatical term)
• كَاتِب — writer, author
• عَامِل — worker
• عَاقِل — rational
• وَفِيّ — loyal
• صِفَة — adjective
• مُذَكَّر — masculine
• شَرْط — condition; prerequisite; stipulation
• كَتَبَة — clerks
• عَمَلَة — workers
• عُمَّال — workers, laborers
• عُقَلَاء — rational people
• أَوْفِيَاء — loyal people
• اسْم — noun
• تَعْيِين — specification
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• رَجُل — man
• شَائِع — common
• مَعْرِفَة — definite
• شَخْص — person
• نَوْع — type
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• عَلَم — proper noun
• إِشَارَة — demonstration
• مَوْصُول — relative
• مُعَرَّف — defined
• مُضَاف — genitive
• تَفْصِيل — detail
• مُتَكَلِّم — speaker
• مُخَاطَب — addressee
• غَائِب — absent
• بَارِز — explicit
• لَفْظ — utterance
• رَفْع — nominative case
• نَصْب — accusative
• جَرّ — genitive case
• مُسْتَتِر — hidden
• كَلَام — speech
• جَدْوَل — table
• آتِي — following
• قَوَاعِد — rules
• أَسَاسِيَّة — basic/fundamental
• نَحْو — grammar
• صَرْف — morphology
• أَكْثَر — more
• ثَالِث — third
• سَالِم — safe; sound; intact; healthy