Durus al-Balagha — First Lessons in Arabic Rhetoric (دروس البلاغة) — Page 59

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الدُّرُوسُ الْبَلَاغَةُ.

Rhetorical Lessons.

الْحُكْمُ، وَتَكُونُ الْقُيُودُ مَحَطَّ الْفَائِدَةِ، وَالْكَلَامُ بِدُونِهَا، كَاذِبًا أَوْ غَيْرَ مَقْصُودٍ بِالذَّاتِ، نَحْوَ: ﴿وَمَا خَلَقْنَا السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا لَاعِبِينَ﴾ [الدُّخَانُ:

The judgment, and the restrictions are the focus of the benefit, and speech without them is either false or not intended in itself, such as: 'And We did not create the heavens and the earth and what is between them in play' [Ad-Dukhan: 38].

وَأَمَّا النَّوَاسِخُ فَالْتَّقْيِيدُ بِهَا يَكُونُ لِلْأَغْرَاضِ الَّتِي تُؤَدِّيهَا مَعَانِي أَلْفَاظِ النَّوَاسِخِ كَالِاسْتِمْرَارِ أَوِ الْحِكَايَةِ عَنِ الزَّمَنِ فِي كَانَ، وَالتَّوْقِيتِ بِزَمَنٍ مُعَيَّنٍ فِي ظَلَّ، وَبَاتَ، وَأَصْبَحَ، وَأَمْسَى، وَأَضْحَى، أَوْ بِحَالَةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ فِي دَامَ، وَالْمُقَارَبَةِ فِي كَادَ وَكَرَبَ وَأَوْشَكَ وَالْيَقِينِ فِي وَجَدَ، وَأَلْفَى، وَدَرَى، وَتَعَلَّمَ، وَهَلُمَّ جَرًّا.

As for the abrogrators (nawasikh), restriction by them is for the purposes conveyed by the meanings of the words of the abrogrators, such as continuity or narration of time in 'kana', timing with a specific time in 'zalla', 'bata', 'asbaha', 'amsa', and 'adha', or with a specific state in 'dama', proximity in 'kada', 'karaba', and 'awshaka', and certainty in 'wajada', 'alfa', 'dara', 'ta'allam', and so on.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (24 verbs · 42 nouns)

• كَانَ — to be
• خَلَقَ — to create
• أَدَّى — to perform
• دَرْس — lesson
• بَلَاغَة — rhetoric
• حُكْم — judgment