Al-Qawl al-Mufid ala Kitab al-Tawhid — Volume 2 (القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْفَضْلُ وَرِبَا النَّسِيئَةِ، أَيْ: لَوْ زِدْتَ وَاحِداً عَلَى آخَرَ فَهُوَ رِبًا، أَوْ سَوَّيْتَهُ لَكِنْ أَخَّرْتَ الْقَبْضَ فَهُوَ رِبًا،

Surplus and delay usury, meaning: if you added one to another it is usury, or you equalized it but delayed the receipt, it is usury.

وَرُبَّمَا يَجْتَمِعُ النَّوْعَانِ كَمَا لَوْ بِعْتَ ذَهَبًا بِذَهَبٍ مُتَفَاضِلًا وَالْقَبْضُ مُتَأَخِّرٌ،

And perhaps both types combine, as if you sold gold for gold with a surplus and the receipt is delayed.

فَإِذَا بِعْتَ جِنْسًا بِجِنْسِهِ فَلَابُدَّ مِنْ أَمْرَيْنِ: التَّسَاوِي، وَالتَّقَابُضُ فِي مَجْلِسِ الْعَقْدِ.

If you sell a kind for its kind, two things are necessary: equality and mutual receipt in the session of the contract.

وَإِذَا اخْتَلَفَتِ الْأَجْنَاسُ وَاتَّفَقَتِ الْعِلَّةُ: أَيْ: اتَّفَقَ الْمَقْصُودُ فَإِنَّهُ يَجْرِي رِبَا النَّسِيئَةِ دُونَ رِبَا الْفَضْلِ

If the kinds differ and the cause agrees: meaning the intended object agrees, then delay usury applies, not surplus usury.

فَذَهَبٌ بِفِضَّةٍ مُتَفَاضِلًا الْقَبْضُ جَائِزٌ، وَذَهَبٌ بِفِضَّةٍ مُتَسَاوِيًا مَعَ التَّأْخِيرِ هَذَا رِبًا لِتَأَخُّرِ الْقَبْضِ.

So gold for silver with a surplus, the receipt is permissible, and gold for silver equally with delay, this is usury due to the delay of receipt.

قَالَ: فَإِذَا اخْتَلَفَتْ هَذِهِ الْأَصْنَافُ فَبِيعُوا كَيْفَ شِئْتُمْ إِذَا كَانَ يَدًا بِيَدٍ.

He said: If these categories differ, then sell as you wish if it is hand-to-hand.

وَقَوْلُنَا: اتَّفَقَا فِي الْغَرَضِ وَالْمَقْصُودِ احْتِرَازًا مِمَّا إِذَا اخْتَلَفَ الْغَرَضُ مِنْهَا.

And our saying: they agreed in purpose and intended object, is a precaution against if the purpose of them differs.

فَالذَّهَبُ مَثَلًا ثَمَنٌ لِلْأَشْيَاءِ، وَالْفِضَّةُ ثَمَنٌ لِلْأَشْيَاءِ، وَالْبُرُّ قُوتٌ.

Gold, for example, is a price for things, silver is a price for things, and wheat is sustenance.

وَعَلَى هَذَا يَجُوزُ بَيْعُ صَاعٍ مِنَ الْبُرِّ بِدِينَارٍ مِنَ الذَّهَبِ مَعَ التَّفَرُّقِ وَعَدَمِ التَّسَاوِي لِاخْتِلَافِ الْقَصْدِ لِأَنَّ هَذَا يُقْصَدُ بِهِ النَّقْدُ وَالثَّمَنِيَّةُ، وَهَذَا يُقْصَدُ بِهِ الْقُوتُ.

Based on this, it is permissible to sell a sa' of wheat for a dinar of gold with separation and lack of equality due to the difference in intention, because this is intended for cash and monetary value, and this is intended for sustenance.

فَإِنْ قِيلَ الْحَدِيثُ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَا يَصِحُّ إِلَّا بِالْقَبْضِ فَمَا هُوَ الْجَوَابُ:

If it is said the hadith indicates that it is not valid except with receipt, then what is the answer?

نَقُولُ: حَقِيقَةً إِنَّ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ مُشْكِلٌ، إِذْ مُقْتَضَى الْحَدِيثِ أَنَّكَ إِذَا بِعْتَ ذَهَبًا بِبُرٍّ وَجَبَ التَّقَابُضُ

We say: In truth, this matter is problematic, as the requirement of the hadith is that if you sold gold for wheat, mutual receipt is necessary.

وَلَكِنَّنَا نُجِيبُ عَنْ هَذَا فَنَقُولُ: قَدْ دَلَّتِ السُّنَّةُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ آخَرَ عَلَى أَنَّ الْقَبْضَ لَيْسَ بِشَرْطٍ فِيمَا إِذَا كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا ثَمَنًا

But we answer this by saying: The Sunnah has indicated from another aspect that receipt is not a condition when one of them is a price.

قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ قَدِمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْمَدِينَةَ: وَهُمْ يُسْلِفُونَ فِي الثِّمَارِ السَّنَةَ وَالسَّنَتَيْنِ فَقَالَ: «مَنْ أَسْلَفَ فِي شَيْءٍ».

Ibn Abbas said: The Prophet (peace be upon him) arrived in Medina, and they were advancing payment for fruits for a year or two, so he said: 'Whoever advances payment for something...'

Vocabulary · المفردات (19 verbs · 39 nouns)

• زَادَ — to increase
• سَوَّى — to equalize
• أَخَّرَ — to delay
• اِجْتَمَعَ — to gather
• بَاعَ — to sell
• اِخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• اِتَّفَقَ — to agree
• جَرَى — to occur or apply
• شَاءَ — to want
• كَانَ — to be
• جَازَ — to be permissible
• قَصَدَ — to intend
• قَالَ — to say
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• صَحَّ — to be valid
• وَجَبَ — to be necessary
• أَجَابَ — to answer
• قَدِمَ — to arrive
• أَسْلَفَ — to advance payment
• فَضْلٌ — surplus
• رِبًا — usury
• نَسِيئَةٌ — delay
• وَاحِدٌ — one
• آخَرُ — another
• قَبْضٌ — receipt
• نَوْعٌ — type
• ذَهَبٌ — gold
• جِنْسٌ — kind
• أَمْرٌ — matter
• تَسَاوٍ — equality
• تَقَابُضٌ — mutual receipt
• مَجْلِسٌ — session
• عَقْدٌ — contract
• عِلَّةٌ — cause
• مَقْصُودٌ — intended
• فِضَّةٌ — silver
• تَأْخِيرٌ — delay
• صِنْفٌ — category
• غَرَضٌ — purpose
• ثَمَنٌ — price
• شَيْءٌ — thing
• بُرٌّ — wheat
• قُوتٌ — sustenance
• صَاعٌ — sa' (measure)
• دِينَارٌ — dinar
• تَفَرُّقٌ — separation
• قَصْدٌ — intention
• نَقْدٌ — cash
• ثَمَنِيَّةٌ — monetary value
• حَدِيثٌ — hadith
• جَوَابٌ — answer
• حَقِيقَةٌ — truth
• مُشْكِلٌ — problematic
• مُقْتَضًى — requirement
• سُنَّةٌ — sunnah
• وَجْهٌ — aspect
• شَرْطٌ — condition
• ثَمَرٌ — fruit