Al-Qawl al-Mufid ala Kitab al-Tawhid — Volume 2 (القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد) — Page 16

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

جَمِيعُ الْكُفَّارِ وَالذِّمَّةِ لَا تَجُوزُ إِلَّا مِنَ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى وَالْمَجُوسِ دُونَ بَقِيَّةِ الْكُفَّارِ،

The status of dhimmi is not valid except for Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, to the exclusion of other disbelievers.

وَهَذَا هُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ مِنَ الْمَذْهَبِ وَالصَّحِيحُ: أَنَّهَا تَجُوزُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْكُفَّارِ.

While this is the well-known position of the school of thought, the correct view is that it is valid for all disbelievers.

هَذِهِ الْأَنْفُسُ الْأَرْبَعَةُ قَتْلُهَا حَرَامٌ، لَكِنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ عَلَى حَدٍّ سَوَاءٍ فِي التَّحْرِيمِ،

Taking the lives of these four categories of people is forbidden, though the severity of the prohibition varies.

فَنَفْسُ الْمُؤْمِنِ أَعْظَمُ، ثُمَّ الذِّمِّيُّ، ثُمَّ الْمُعَاهَدُ، ثُمَّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنُ.

The life of a believer is most sacred, followed by the dhimmi, then the one under treaty, and finally the one granted asylum.

وَهَلِ الْمُسْتَأْمَنُ مِثْلُ الْمُعَاهَدِ أَوْ أَعْلَى؟

Is the one granted asylum equal to the one under treaty, or is their status higher?

أَشُكُّ فِي ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنَ مَنْ لَهُ عَهْدٌ خَاصٌّ بِخِلَافِ الْمُعَاهِدِينَ

I am uncertain, as the one granted asylum holds a specific covenant, unlike those under a general treaty.

فَالْمُعَاهِدُونَ يَتَوَلَّى الْعَهْدَ أَهْلُ الْحَلِّ وَالْعَقْدِ مِنْهُمْ، فَلَيْسَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ عُقُودُ تَأْمِينَاتٍ خَاصَّةٍ، وَأَيًّا كَانَ فَالْحَدِيثُ عَامٌّ.

Covenants with those under treaty are managed by their own leaders, so we have no individual security contracts with them. Regardless, the Hadith remains general in its application.

وَقَوْلُهُ: إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ: أَيْ: مِمَّا يُوجِبُ الْقَتْلَ مِثْلُ: الثَّيِّبِ الزَّانِي وَالنَّفْسِ بِالنَّفْسِ، وَالتَّارِكِ لِدِينِهِ الْمُفَارِقِ لِلْجَمَاعَةِ.

The phrase 'except by right' refers to grounds that warrant execution, such as a married adulterer, retaliation for murder, or one who abandons their faith and breaks from the community.

قَوْلُهُ: «وَأَكْلُ الرِّبَا»: الرِّبَا فِي اللُّغَةِ الزِّيَادَةُ

Regarding the phrase 'consuming usury,' the linguistic meaning of usury is increase.

وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: فَإِذَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَيْهَا الْمَاءَ اهْتَزَّتْ وَرَبَتْ يَعْنِي زَادَتْ.

This is reflected in the Quranic verse: 'When We send down rain upon it, it quivers and grows,' meaning it increases.

وَفِي الشَّرْعِ: تَفَاضُلٌ بَيْنَ أَشْيَاءَ وَنَسْءٌ بَيْنَ أَشْيَاءَ.

In Islamic law, it refers to an unfair disparity or a delay in the exchange of certain goods.

أَيْ تَفَاضُلٌ بَيْنَ أَشْيَاءَ حَرَّمَ الشَّرْعُ التَّفَاضُلَ فِيهَا، وَتَأْخِيرٌ فِي أَشْيَاءَ حَرَّمَ الشَّرْعُ التَّأْخِيرَ فِيهَا.

Specifically, it is an inequality in items where the Law forbids such disparity, or a delay in items where the Law forbids deferment.

وَالرِّبَا رِبَا فَضْلٍ وَرِبَا نَسِيئَةٍ، وَهُوَ يَجْرِي فِي سِتَّةِ أَمْوَالٍ بَيَّنَهَا الرَّسُولُ فِي قَوْلِهِ: «الذَّهَبُ بِالذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةُ بِالْفِضَّةِ وَالْبُرُّ بِالْبُرِّ وَالتَّمْرُ بِالتَّمْرِ وَالشَّعِيرُ بِالشَّعِيرِ وَالْمِلْحُ بِالْمِلْحِ»

Usury takes two forms: surplus and credit. It applies to six types of wealth specified by the Messenger: 'Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, dates for dates, barley for barley, and salt for salt.'

فَهَذِهِ هِيَ الْأَمْوَالُ الرِّبَوِيَّةُ بِنَصِّ الْحَدِيثِ وَإِجْمَاعِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَهَذِهِ الْأَصْنَافُ السِّتَّةُ إِنْ بِعْتَ مِنْهَا جِنْسًا بِمِثْلِهِ جَرَى فِيهِ رِبًا.

These are the commodities subject to usury by the text of the Hadith and the consensus of the Muslims. If you sell any of these six categories for its own kind, usury occurs.

Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 63 nouns)

• جَازَ — to be permissible
• قَتَلَ — to kill
• شَكَّ — to doubt
• تَوَلَّى — to take charge of
• أَوْجَبَ — to necessitate
• زَنَى — to commit adultery
• فَارَقَ — to separate
• أَكَلَ — to eat
• أَنْزَلَ — to send down
• اهْتَزَّ — to shake
• رَبَا — to grow
• زَادَ — to increase
• حَرَّمَ — to forbid
• أَخَّرَ — to delay
• جَرَى — to apply/be applicable
• بَيَّنَ — to clarify
• بَاعَ — to sell
• جَمِيع — all
• كَافِر — disbeliever
• ذِمَّة — covenant
• يَهُودِيّ — Jew
• نَصْرَانِيّ — Christian
• مَجُوسِيّ — Zoroastrian
• بَقِيَّة — remainder
• مَشْهُور — famous
• مَذْهَب — school of thought
• صَحِيح — correct
• نَفْس — soul
• حَرَام — forbidden
• حَدّ — limit
• سَوَاء — equal
• تَحْرِيم — prohibition
• مُؤْمِن — believer
• عَظِيم — great
• ذِمِّيّ — protected person
• مُعَاهَد — person under treaty
• مُسْتَأْمَن — person granted asylum
• عَهْد — covenant
• خَاصّ — special
• خِلَاف — difference
• أَهْل — people
• حَلّ — loosening
• عَقْد — contract
• تَأْمِينَات — securities
• حَدِيث — narration
• عَامّ — general
• حَقّ — truth
• ثَيِّب — previously married person
• زَانِي — adulterer
• تَارِك — abandoner
• دِين — religion
• مُفَارِق — separator
• جَمَاعَة — community
• أَكْل — eating
• رِبَا — usury
• لُغَة — language
• زِيَادَة — increase
• مَاء — water
• شَرْع — Islamic law
• تَفَاضُل — differentiation
• شَيْء — thing
• نَسْء — deferment
• تَأْخِير — delay
• فَضْل — surplus
• نَسِيئَة — credit
• مَال — wealth
• رَسُول — messenger
• ذَهَب — gold
• فِضَّة — silver
• بُرّ — wheat
• تَمْر — date
• شَعِير — barley
• مِلْح — salt
• رِبَوِيّ — usurious
• نَصّ — text
• إِجْمَاع — consensus
• مُسْلِم — Muslim
• أَصْنَاف — types
• جِنْس — kind
• مِثْل — equivalent