Al-Qawl al-Mufid ala Kitab al-Tawhid — Volume 2 (القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد) — Page 18

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

فَلْيُسْلِفْ فِي كَيْلٍ مَعْلُومٍ وَوَزْنٍ مَعْلُومٍ إِلَى أَجَلٍ مَعْلُومٍ.

One should lend using a known measure and weight for a known term.

وَعَلَى هَذَا فَحَدِيثُ: «فَبِيعُوا كَيْفَ شِئْتُمْ إِذَا كَانَ يَدًا بِيَدٍ» لَا عُمُومَ لِمَفْهُومِهِ

Consequently, the hadith, "Sell as you wish, provided it is hand-to-hand," does not have a generalized implication.

فَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ الْقَبْضُ فِي كُلِّ صُورَةٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الصُّوَرِ، وَإِنَّمَا يُشْتَرَطُ الْقَبْضُ إِذَا اتَّفَقَا فِي الْغَرَضِ كَذَهَبٍ بِفِضَّةٍ، أَوْ بُرٍّ بِشَعِيرٍ.

Taking possession is not required in every instance; it is only required when the items serve the same purpose, such as exchanging gold for silver or wheat for barley.

وَاخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِيمَا عَدَا هَذِهِ الْأَصْنَافِ السِّتَّةِ،

Scholars have differed regarding items outside these six categories.

فَالظَّاهِرِيَّةُ قَالُوا: لَا يَجْرِي الرِّبَا إِلَّا فِي هَذِهِ الْأَصْنَافِ السِّتَّةِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَرَوْنَ الْقِيَاسَ فَيَقْتَصِرُ عَلَى مَا جَاءَ بِهِ النَّصُّ

The Literalists argue that usury applies only to these six categories, as they reject analogical reasoning and restrict the ruling to the explicit text.

فَيَجُوزُ عِنْدَهُمْ مُبَادَلَةُ أَرُزٍّ بِذُرَةٍ مُتَفَاضِلًا مَعَ تَأَخُّرِ الْقَبْضِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمَا لَا يَدْخُلَانِ فِي الْمَنْصُوصِ عَلَيْهِ.

Thus, they permit exchanging rice for corn with unequal amounts and delayed delivery, since these items are not mentioned in the text.

وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الْقِيَاسِ مِنَ الْمَذَاهِبِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ فَإِنَّهُمْ عَدَّوْا الْحُكْمَ إِلَى غَيْرِهَا،

Proponents of analogy from the four schools have extended the ruling to other items.

إِلَّا أَنَّ بَعْضًا مِنْهُمْ لَمْ يَعُدَّ الْحُكْمَ إِلَى غَيْرِهَا وَهُوَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقِيَاسِ، مِثْلُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ

However, some scholars who utilize analogy, such as Ibn Aqil, did not extend the ruling.

فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا يَجْرِي الرِّبَا إِلَّا فِي هَذِهِ الْأَصْنَافِ السِّتَّةِ لَا لِأَنَّهُ لَا قِيَاسَ وَلَكِنْ لِأَنَّ الْعُلَمَاءَ اخْتَلَفُوا وَاضْطَرَبُوا فِي الْعِلَّةِ الَّتِي مِنْ أَجْلِهَا كَانَ الرِّبَا،

He argued that usury is limited to these six categories not because he rejected analogy, but because scholars disagreed and were confused about the underlying cause of usury.

فَلَمَّا اضْطَرَبُوا فِي الْعِلَّةِ أَلْغَيْنَا جَمِيعَ هَذِهِ الْعِلَلِ وَأَبْقَيْنَا النَّصَّ عَلَى مَا هُوَ عَلَيْهِ.

Since there was no consensus on the cause, we set aside these various justifications and adhered strictly to the text.

وَالصَّحِيحُ: أَنَّ الرِّبَا يَجْرِي فِي غَيْرِ الْأَصْنَافِ السِّتَّةِ، وَأَنَّ الْعِلَّةَ هِيَ الْكَيْلُ أَوِ الِادِّخَارُ مَعَ الطَّعْمِ وَهُوَ أَنْ يَكُونَ قُوتًا مُدَّخَرًا،

The correct view is that usury applies beyond the six categories, with the cause being measurement or storability combined with edibility, specifically as stored sustenance.

وَهَذَا بِالنِّسْبَةِ لِلْبُرِّ وَالتَّمْرِ وَالشَّعِيرِ.

This applies to wheat, dates, and barley.

وَبِالنِّسْبَةِ لِلذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ: الْعِلَّةُ هِيَ الْجِنْسُ وَالثَّمَنِيَّةُ،

Regarding gold and silver, the cause is their nature as a genus and their function as currency.

فَقَوْلُنَا: «الْجِنْسُ» لِأَجْلِ أَنْ يَشْمَلَ الْحُلِيَّ إِذَا بِيعَ بَعْضُهُ بِبَعْضٍ فَيَجْرِي فِيهِ الرِّبَا، مَعَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِثَمَنٍ

We specify "genus" to include jewelry when traded for other jewelry, as usury applies here even if the items are not used as currency.

وَالثَّمَنِيَّةُ مِثْلُ الدَّرَاهِمِ وَالدَّنَانِيرِ وَالْأَوْرَاقِ النَّقْدِيَّةِ الْمَعْرُوفَةِ، فَإِنَّهَا بِمَنْزِلَةِ الذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ.

Monetary value refers to dirhams, dinars, and modern paper currency, which carry the same status as gold and silver.

Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 51 nouns)

• سَلَفَ — to pay in advance
• بَاعَ — to sell
• شَاءَ — to want
• كَانَ — to be
• شَرَطَ — to stipulate
• اتَّفَقَ — to agree
• اخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• جَرَى — to occur
• رَأَى — to see
• اقْتَصَرَ — to limit
• جَاءَ — to come
• جَازَ — to be permissible
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• عَدَّى — to extend
• رَحِمَ — to have mercy
• قَالَ — to say
• اضْطَرَبَ — to be confused
• أَلْغَى — to cancel
• أَبْقَى — to keep
• ادَّخَرَ — to store
• شَمِلَ — to include
• عَرَفَ — to know
• كَيْل — measure
• وَزْن — weight
• أَجَل — term
• حَدِيث — hadith
• يَد — hand
• عُمُوم — generality
• مَفْهُوم — concept
• قَبْض — possession
• صُورَة — form
• غَرَض — purpose
• ذَهَب — gold
• فِضَّة — silver
• بُرّ — wheat
• شَعِير — barley
• عَالِم — scholar
• ظَاهِرِيَّة — literalist school
• رِبَا — usury
• صِنْف — category
• سِتَّة — six
• قِيَاس — analogy
• نَصّ — text
• مُبَادَلَة — exchange
• أَرُزّ — rice
• ذُرَة — corn
• مُتَفَاضِل — unequal
• تَأَخُّر — delay
• مَنْصُوص — stipulated
• أَهْل — people
• مَذْهَب — school of thought
• أَرْبَعَة — four
• حُكْم — ruling
• بَعْض — some
• مِثْل — like
• عِلَّة — reason
• جَمِيع — all
• صَحِيح — correct
• ادِّخَار — storage
• طَعْم — taste
• قُوت — sustenance
• مُدَّخَر — stored
• تَمْر — date
• جِنْس — genus
• ثَمَنِيَّة — monetary value
• حُلِيّ — jewelry
• ثَمَن — price
• دِرْهَم — dirham
• دِينَار — dinar
• وَرَق — paper
• نَقْدِيَّة — monetary
• مَعْرُوف — known
• مَنْزِلَة — status