Al-Qawl al-Mufid ala Kitab al-Tawhid — Volume 2 (القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد) — Page 15

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَالسِّحْرُ، وَقَتْلُ النَّفْسِ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَأَكْلُ الرِّبَا وَأَكْلُ مَالِ الْيَتِيمِ، وَالتَّوَلِّي يَوْمَ الزَّحْفِ وَقَذْفُ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ الْغَافِلَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ.

And sorcery, and the killing of the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right, and consuming usury, and consuming the wealth of the orphan, and fleeing on the day of battle, and slandering chaste, unsuspecting, believing women.

قَوْلُهُ: «وَقَتْلُ النَّفْسِ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ».

His saying: 'And the killing of the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right.'

الْقَتْلُ: إِزْهَاقُ الرُّوحِ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِالنَّفْسِ الْبَدَنُ الَّذِي فِيهِ الرُّوحُ، وَالْمُرَادُ بِالنَّفْسِ هُنَا نَفْسُ الْآدَمِيِّ وَلَيْسَ نَفْسُ الْبَعِيرِ وَالْحِمَارِ وَمَا أَشْبَهَهَا.

Killing is the taking of a life, and what is meant by 'soul' is the body that contains the spirit; and what is meant by 'soul' here is the human soul, not the soul of a camel, a donkey, or similar animals.

وَقَوْلُهُ: «الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ» مَفْعُولُ (حَرَّمَ) مَحْذُوفٌ تَقْدِيرُهُ حَرَّمَ قَتْلَهَا، وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونَ التَّقْدِيرُ حَرَّمَهَا اللَّهُ، وَأَيًّا كَانَ فَالْعَائِدُ عَلَى الْمَوْصُولِ مَحْذُوفٌ.

And his saying: 'which Allah has forbidden'—the object of 'forbidden' is omitted, the estimation of which is 'He has forbidden its killing,' and it is permissible for the estimation to be 'Allah has forbidden it,' and whichever it is, the pronoun referring back to the relative pronoun is omitted.

وَقَوْلُهُ: «إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ»: أَيْ بِالْعَدْلِ؛ لِأَنَّ هَذَا حُكْمٌ، وَالْحَقُّ إِذَا ذُكِرَ بِإِزَاءِ الْأَحْكَامِ فَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ الْعَدْلُ، وَالْعَدْلُ هُوَ مَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ وَرَسُولُهُ قَالَ تَعَالَى: (إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ).

And his saying: 'except by right' means: by justice; because this is a ruling, and when 'right' (al-haqq) is mentioned in the context of rulings, what is meant by it is justice, and justice is what Allah and His Messenger have commanded, as the Almighty said: 'Indeed, Allah commands justice.'

وَالنَّفْسُ الْمُحَرَّمَةُ أَرْبَعَةُ أَنْفُسٍ هِيَ نَفْسُ الْمُؤْمِنِ، وَالذِّمِّيِّ، وَالْمُعَاهَدِ، وَالْمُسْتَأْمِنِ.

The forbidden souls are four types: the soul of the believer, the dhimmi (protected non-Muslim subject), the mu'ahid (one with a treaty), and the musta'min (one seeking asylum).

فَالْمُؤْمِنُ لِإِيمَانِهِ، وَالذِّمِّيُّ لِذِمَّتِهِ، وَالْمُعَاهَدُ لِعَهْدِهِ، وَالْمُسْتَأْمِنُ لِتَأْمِينِهِ.

The believer is protected by his faith, the dhimmi by his covenant of protection, the mu'ahid by his treaty, and the musta'min by his grant of safety.

وَالْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ الثَّلَاثَةِ الذِّمِّيِّ، وَالْمُعَاهَدِ وَالْمُسْتَأْمِنِ: أَنَّ الذِّمِّيَّ هُوَ الَّذِي بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ ذِمَّةٌ أَيْ عَهْدٌ عَلَى أَنْ يُقِيمَ فِي بِلَادِنَا، وَأَنْ نَحْمِيَهُ مَعَ بَذْلِ الْجِزْيَةِ.

The difference between the three—the dhimmi, the mu'ahid, and the musta'min—is that the dhimmi is the one between whom and us there is a dhimma, meaning a covenant that he resides in our lands and that we protect him in exchange for the payment of the jizya.

وَأَمَّا الْمُعَاهَدُ: فَيُقِيمُ فِي بِلَادِهِ، لَكِنْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ عَهْدٌ أَنْ لَا يُحَارِبَنَا، وَأَنْ لَا نُحَارِبَهُ.

As for the mu'ahid, he resides in his own land, but there is a treaty between us and him that he will not fight us and we will not fight him.

وَأَمَّا الْمُسْتَأْمِنُ بِكَسْرِ الْمِيمِ طَالِبُ الْأَمَانِ، فَهُوَ الَّذِي لَيْسَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ عَهْدٌ، لَكِنَّنَا أَمَّنَّاهُ فِي وَقْتٍ مَحْدُودٍ كَرَجُلٍ حَرْبِيٍّ دَخَلَ إِلَيْنَا بِأَمَانٍ لِلتِّجَارَةِ، أَوْ لِيَفْهَمَ الْإِسْلَامَ، قَالَ تَعَالَى: (وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ اسْتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرْهُ حَتَّى يَسْمَعَ كَلَامَ اللَّهِ ثُمَّ أَبْلِغْهُ مَأْمَنَهُ)

As for the musta'min (with a kasra on the mim), the seeker of safety, he is the one between whom and us there is no treaty, but we have granted him safety for a limited time, like a belligerent man who entered our lands with safety for trade or to understand Islam, as the Almighty said: 'And if any one of the polytheists seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the words of Allah, then deliver him to his place of safety.'

وَهُنَاكَ فَرْقٌ آخَرُ وَهُوَ: أَنَّ الْعَهْدَ يَجُوزُ مِنْ.

And there is another difference, which is: that a treaty is permissible from.

Vocabulary · المفردات (18 verbs · 59 nouns)

• حَرَّمَ — to forbid
• أَزْهَقَ — to extinguish
• أَشْبَهَ — to resemble
• حَذَفَ — to omit
• جَازَ — to be permissible
• كَانَ — to be
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• أَمَرَ — to command
• أَقَامَ — to reside
• حَمَى — to protect
• حَارَبَ — to fight
• أَمَّنَ — to grant safety
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• فَهِمَ — to understand
• اِسْتَجَارَ — to seek protection
• أَجَارَ — to grant protection
• سَمِعَ — to hear
• أَبْلَغَ — to convey
• سِحْرٌ — magic
• قَتْلٌ — killing
• نَفْسٌ — soul
• حَقٌّ — justice
• أَكْلٌ — eating
• رِبًا — usury
• مَالٌ — wealth
• يَتِيمٌ — orphan
• تَوَلٍّ — turning away
• يَوْمٌ — day
• زَحْفٌ — battle
• قَذْفٌ — slander
• مُحْصَنَةٌ — chaste woman
• غَافِلَةٌ — heedless
• مُؤْمِنَةٌ — believing woman
• قَوْلٌ — saying
• إِزْهَاقٌ — extinguishing
• رُوحٌ — spirit
• مُرَادٌ — intended meaning
• بَدَنٌ — body
• آدَمِيٌّ — human
• بَعِيرٌ — camel
• حِمَارٌ — donkey
• مَفْعُولٌ — object
• تَقْدِيرٌ — estimation
• عَائِدٌ — referent
• مَوْصُولٌ — relative pronoun
• عَدْلٌ — justice
• حُكْمٌ — ruling
• أَحْكَامٌ — rulings
• رَسُولٌ — messenger
• مُحَرَّمٌ — forbidden
• أَرْبَعَةٌ — four
• مُؤْمِنٌ — believer
• ذِمِّيٌّ — dhimmi
• مُعَاهَدٌ — covenanted person
• مُسْتَأْمِنٌ — person granted safety
• إِيمَانٌ — faith
• ذِمَّةٌ — covenant
• عَهْدٌ — treaty
• بِلَادٌ — land
• بَذْلٌ — offering
• جِزْيَةٌ — tribute
• كَسْرٌ — break
• مِيمٌ — letter mim
• طَالِبٌ — seeker
• أَمَانٌ — safety
• وَقْتٌ — time
• مَحْدُودٌ — limited
• رَجُلٌ — man
• حَرْبِيٌّ — warrior
• تِجَارَةٌ — trade
• إِسْلَامٌ — Islam
• أَحَدٌ — one
• مُشْرِكٌ — polytheist
• كَلَامٌ — speech
• مَأْمَنٌ — place of safety
• فَرْقٌ — difference
• آخَرُ — other