Sharh Qatr an-Nada by Ibn Hisham (شرح قطر الندى وبل الصدى) — Page 328

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

جَفَوْنِي ( جَفَا : فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ ، وَوَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ الَّتِي تَعُودُ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ الْأَخِلَّاءُ الْآتِي فَاعِلٌ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ ، وَالنُّونُ لِلْوِقَايَةِ ، وَالْيَاءُ ضَمِيرُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى السُّكُونِ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ ، وَلَمْ : الْوَاوُ حَرْفُ عَطْفٍ ، لَمْ : حَرْفُ نَفْيٍ وَجَزْمٍ وَقَلْبٍ ، أَجْفُ : فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ مَجْزُومٌ بِلَمْ ، وَعَلَامَةُ جَزْمِهِ حَذْفُ الْوَاوِ وَالضَّمَّةُ قَبْلَهَا دَلِيلٌ عَلَيْهَا ، الْأَخِلَّاءُ : مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِأَجْفُ ، مَنْصُوبٌ بِالْفَتْحَةِ الظَّاهِرَةِ ، إِنَّنِي : إِنَّ : حَرْفُ تَوْكِيدٍ وَنَصْبٍ ، وَالنُّونُ لِلْوِقَايَةِ ، وَالْيَاءُ ضَمِيرُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ اسْمُ إِنَّ ، لِغَيْرِ : جَارٌ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِقَوْلِهِ مُهْمَلٌ الْآتِي ، وَغَيْرُ مُضَافٍ ، جَمِيلٍ : مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ ، مِنْ : حَرْفُ جَرٍّ ، خَلِيلِي : خَلِيلٌ : مَجْرُورٌ بِمِنْ ، وَعَلَامَةُ جَرِّهِ كَسْرَةٌ مُقَدَّرَةٌ عَلَى مَا قَبْلَ يَاءِ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ مَنَعَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا اشْتِغَالُ الْمَحَلِّ بِحَرَكَةِ الْمُنَاسَبَةِ ، وَالْجَارُ وَالْمَجْرُورُ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ صِفَةٍ لِجَمِيلٍ ، وَخَلِيلٌ مُضَافٌ وَيَاءُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ ، مُهْمَلٌ : خَبَرُ إِنَّ مَرْفُوعٌ بِالضَّمَّةِ الظَّاهِرَةِ

Jafawni (Jafa: a past-tense verb; the collective waw referring to the upcoming 'al-akhilla' [friends] is a subject in the nominative case; the nun is for protection; the ya is the first-person object pronoun in the accusative case. Wa-lam: the waw is a conjunction; lam is a particle of negation, jussive, and inversion. Ajfu: a present-tense verb made jussive by lam, indicated by the omission of the waw, with the preceding damma serving as a marker. Al-akhilla: the object of ajfu, in the accusative case. Innani: inna is an emphatic particle; the nun is for protection; the ya is the first-person pronoun serving as the subject of inna. Li-ghayri: a prepositional phrase related to the upcoming 'muhmal', with ghayr in a genitive construction. Jamil: a noun in the genitive case. Min: a preposition. Khalili: khalil is in the genitive case, with the kasra implied before the first-person ya due to the vowel of suitability; the prepositional phrase relates to an omitted adjective for jamil, with khalil in a genitive construction with the ya).

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ : قَوْلُهُ جَفَوْنِي وَلَمْ أَجْفُ الْأَخِلَّاءَ حَيْثُ أَعْمَلَ الْعَامِلَ الثَّانِيَ ، وَهُوَ لَمْ أَجْفُ فِي لَفْظِ الْمَعْمُولِ الْمُتَأَخِّرِ ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ الْأَخِلَّاءُ ، وَلَمَّا كَانَ الْعَامِلُ الْأَوَّلُ ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ جَفَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى مَرْفُوعٍ أَضْمَرَهُ فِيهِ ، وَهَذَا الضَّمِيرُ هُوَ وَاوُ الْجَمَاعَةِ ، وَهَذَا الضَّمِيرُ يَعُودُ عَلَى مُتَأَخِّرٍ لَفْظًا كَمَا هُوَ وَاضِحٌ ، وَرُتْبَةً لِأَنَّ الْمَفْعُولَ تَأَخَّرَ ، إِلَّا أَنَّ الْبَصْرِيِّينَ يَغْتَفِرُونَ فِي بَابِ التَّنَازُعِ عَوْدَ الضَّمِيرِ عَلَى مَا تَأَخَّرَ لَفْظًا وَرُتْبَةً ، إِذَا كَانَ الضَّمِيرُ مَرْفُوعًا ؛ لِأَنَّ شِدَّةَ الِاحْتِيَاجِ إِلَيْهِ لِتَمَامِ الْكَلَامِ تُسَهِّلُ ذَلِكَ ، وَقَدْ وَرَدَ فِي الشِّعْرِ الْعَرَبِيِّ فَلَا دَاعِيَ لِإِنْكَارِهِ

The evidence here is the phrase 'jafawni wa-lam ajfu al-akhilla' [they shunned me and I did not shun the friends], where the second operator, 'lam ajfu', governs the delayed object, 'al-akhilla'. Since the first operator, 'jafa', requires a nominative subject, the author implies it through the collective waw. This pronoun refers to an element that is delayed both in wording and in rank, as the object follows the verb. However, the Basran school permits this in cases of contention when the pronoun is in the nominative, as the necessity for completing the sentence makes such a construction acceptable. Since this usage appears in Arabic poetry, there is no reason to reject it.

فَإِنْ قُلْتَ : فَإِنَّ عَدَمَ جَوَازِ حَذْفِ الْفَاعِلِ لَا يُوجِبُ الْإِضْمَارَ ، لِأَنَّهُ يَجُوزُ لِي أَنْ أَقُولَ جَفَانِي الْأَخِلَّاءُ وَلَمْ أَجْفُ الْأَخِلَّاءَ بِإِظْهَارِ الْفَاعِلِ مَعَ الْأَوَّلِ

If you argue that the inability to omit the subject does not necessitate an implied pronoun—since one could say 'jafani al-akhilla wa-lam ajfu al-akhilla' [the friends shunned me and I did not shun the friends] by explicitly stating the subject with the first verb—the answer is as follows.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (19 verbs · 71 nouns)

• جَفَا — to shun
• عَادَ — to return
• أَتَى — to come
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• مَاضٍ — past
• وَاوٌ — waw