Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 4 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 36

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

وَإِنْ كَانَ الشَّرْطُ مُضَارِعاً وَالْجَزَاءُ مُضَارِعاً وَجَبَ الْجَزْمُ فِيهِمَا وَرَفْعُ الْجَزَاءِ ضَعِيفٌ كَقَوْلِهِ: يَا أَقْرَعُ بْنَ حَابِسٍ يَا أَقْرَعُ إِنَّكَ إِنْ يُصْرَعْ أَخُوكَ تُصْرَعُ.

When both the conditional verb and the result are in the present tense, they must both be in the jussive mood; using the nominative for the result is weak, as in the line: O Aqra' ibn Habis, O Aqra', if your brother is thrown, you too shall be thrown.

لَا مَرْفُوعٌ بِهَا مَالِي مَالٌ: فَاعِلٌ لِغَائِبٍ سَدَّ مَسَدَّ خَبَرِ لَا، وَمَالٌ مُضَافٌ وَيَاءُ الْمُتَكَلِّمِ مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ، وَلَا، الْوَاوُ عَاطِفَةٌ، لَا: زَائِدَةٌ لِتَأْكِيدِ النَّفْيِ وَحَرَمٌ، مَعْطُوفٌ عَلَى غَائِبٍ، هَكَذَا قَالُوا، وَالْأَحْسَنُ عِنْدِي أَنْ يَكُونَ حَرَمٌ خَبَراً لِمُبْتَدَأٍ مَحْذُوفٍ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ: وَلَا أَنْتَ حَرَمٌ، فَتَكُونُ الْوَاوُ قَدْ عَطَفَتْ جُمْلَةً عَلَى جُمْلَةٍ.

The word 'la' governs the nominative case here. In 'mali mal', 'mal' acts as the subject of 'gha'ib', filling the role of the predicate for 'la', while 'mal' is a construct and the 'ya' suffix is in the genitive case. The 'waw' is a conjunction, and the second 'la' is an emphatic particle for the negation. 'Haram' is conjoined to 'gha'ib'. While this is the common view, I prefer to treat 'haram' as the predicate of an implied subject, as if saying 'and you are not haram', which allows the 'waw' to join one sentence to another.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ: قَوْلُهُ يَقُولُ، حَيْثُ جَاءَ جَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ مُضَارِعاً مَرْفُوعاً، وَفِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ مَاضِياً، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ أَتَاهُ، وَذَلِكَ عَلَى إِضْمَارِ الْفَاءِ عِنْدَ الْكُوفِيِّينَ وَالْمُبَرِّدِ أَيْ: إِنْ أَتَاهُ فَيَقُولُ إِلَخْ، وَهُوَ عِنْدَ سِيبَوَيْهِ عَلَى التَّقْدِيمِ وَالتَّأْخِيرِ، أَيْ: يَقُولُ إِنْ أَتَاهُ خَلِيلٌ يَوْمَ مَسْأَلَةٍ لَا غَائِبٌ إِلَخْ، فَيَكُونُ جَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ عَلَى مَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ مَحْذُوفاً وَالْمَذْكُورُ إِنَّمَا هُوَ دَلِيلُهُ.

The evidence here is the verb 'yaqulu', where the conditional response is a present tense verb in the nominative, despite the conditional verb being in the past tense, 'atahu'. The Kufans and al-Mubarrad explain this by an elided 'fa', implying 'if he came to him, then he says'. Sibawayh, however, views it as a case of inversion, meaning 'he says, if a friend came to him on a day of asking, not an absent one'. Thus, in his view, the actual response to the condition is omitted, and the stated verb serves only as an indicator.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (16 verbs · 61 nouns)

• كَانَ — to be
• وَجَبَ — to be necessary
• صَرَعَ — to throw down
• شَرْط — condition
• مُضَارِع — present tense
• جَزَاء — result