Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 3 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 8

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

شَرْحُ ابْنِ عَقِيلٍ : الْجُزْءُ الثَّالِثُ

Sharh Ibn Aqil: Volume Three.

مُعَاوِيَ ، إِنِّي لَمْ أُبَايِعْكَ فَلْتَةً وَمَا زَالَ مَا أَسْرَرْتُ مِنِّي مَا عَلَنْ

Mu'awiyah, I did not pledge allegiance to you by mistake, and what I have kept secret of myself has not ceased to be what I have made public.

اللُّغَةُ : « أَرَاقَ ، أَسَالَ « يَعْرِضُ ، أَرَادَ يَتَعَرَّضُ لَهَا بِالنَّيْلِ مِنْهَا « الْأَحْسَابُ ، جَمْعُ حَسَبٍ ، وَهُوَ كُلُّ مَا يَعُدُّهُ الْمَرْءُ مِنْ مَفَاخِرِ قَوْمِهِ

Language: 'Araqa' means to pour out. 'Ya'ridu' means he intended to attack it by disparaging it. 'Al-Ahsab' is the plural of 'hasab', which is everything a person counts as the glories of his people.

الْإِعْرَابُ : ( أَتَطْمَعُ ، الْهَمْزَةُ لِلِاسْتِفْهَامِ التَّوْبِيخِيِّ ، تَطْمَعُ : فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوباً تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ « فِينَا ، جَارٌّ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِتَطْمَعُ ، مَنْ ، اسْمٌ مَوْصُولٌ مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِتَطْمَعُ « أَرَاقَ ، فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ جَوَازاً تَقْدِيرُهُ هُوَ يَعُودُ إِلَى مَنْ الْمَوْصُولَةِ ، دِمَاءَنَا ، دِمَاءَ : مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لِأَرَاقَ ، وَدِمَاءُ مُضَافٌ وَنَا : مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ ، وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنْ أَرَاقَ وَفَاعِلِهِ وَمَفْعُولِهِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا صِلَةٌ ، وَلَوْلَاكَ ، لَوْلَا : حَرْفُ امْتِنَاعٍ لِوُجُودٍ وَجَرٍّ ، وَالْكَافُ فِي مَحَلِّ جَرٍّ بِهَا ، وَلَهَا مَحَلٌّ آخَرُ هُوَ الرَّفْعُ بِالِابْتِدَاءِ كَمَا هُوَ مَذْهَبُ سِيبَوَيْهِ ، وَالْخَبَرُ مَحْذُوفٌ وُجُوباً ، وَالتَّقْدِيرُ : لَوْلَاكَ مَوْجُودٌ ، وَجُمْلَةُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ وَالْخَبَرِ شَرْطُ لَوْلَا

Parsing: (A-tatma'u) The hamza is for reproachful interrogation. 'Tatma'u' is a present tense verb, and its subject is a pronoun hidden within it obligatorily, estimated as 'you'. 'Fina' is a preposition and noun in the genitive case related to 'tatma'u'. 'Man' is a relative pronoun acting as the object of 'tatma'u'. 'Araqa' is a past tense verb, and its subject is a pronoun hidden within it permissibly, estimated as 'he', referring to the relative 'man'. 'Dima'ana': 'Dima'a' is the object of 'araqa', and 'dima'u' is in a genitive construction with 'na'. The sentence composed of 'araqa', its subject, and its object has no grammatical place, being a relative clause. 'Lawlaka': 'Lawla' is a particle of prevention due to existence and governance (genitive). The 'ka' is in the genitive case governed by it, and it has another place which is the nominative case as an initial subject, as is the school of Sibawayh. The predicate is obligatorily omitted, and the estimation is: 'Lawlaka mawjud' (Were it not for you existing). The sentence of the subject and predicate is the condition for 'lawla'.

لَمْ ، نَافِيَةٌ جَازِمَةٌ

'Lam' is a negative, jussive particle.

يَعْرِضُ ، فِعْلٌ مُضَارِعٌ مَجْزُومٌ بِلَمْ لِأَحْسَابِنَا ، الْجَارُّ وَالْمَجْرُورُ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِيَعْرِضُ ، وَأَحْسَابُ مُضَافٌ وَنَا : مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ « حَسَبٌ » فَاعِلُ يَعْرِضُ ، وَجُمْلَةُ يَعْرِضُ وَفَاعِلِهِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا مِنَ الْإِعْرَابِ جَوَابُ لَوْلَا

'Ya'ridu' is a present tense verb made jussive by 'lam'. 'Li-ahsabina': the preposition and noun in the genitive case are related to 'ya'ridu', and 'ahsab' is in a genitive construction with 'na'. 'Hasab' is the subject of 'ya'ridu', and the sentence of 'ya'ridu' and its subject has no place in parsing, being the response to 'lawla'.

الشَّاهِدُ فِيهِ : قَوْلُهُ « لَوْلَاكَ » فَإِنَّ فِيهِ رَدّاً عَلَى أَبِي الْعَبَّاسِ الْمُبَرِّدِ الَّذِي زَعَمَ أَنَّ « لَوْلَا » لَمْ تَجِئْ مُتَّصِلَةً بِضَمَائِرِ الْجَرِّ كَالْكَافِ وَالْهَاءِ وَالْيَاءِ ، وَمِثْلُهُ قَوْلُ الْآخَرِ وَيُنْسَبُ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ أَبِي رَبِيعَةَ ، وَلَيْسَ فِي دِيوَانِهِ ، وَالصَّوَابُ أَنَّهُ لِلْعَرَجِيِّ ( انْظُرْ خِزَانَةَ الْأَدَبِ ٤٢١/٢ ) : لَوْلَاكَ فِي ذَا الْعَامِ لَمْ أَحْجُجِ

The evidence in it is his saying 'lawlaka', for it contains a refutation of Abu al-Abbas al-Mubarrad, who claimed that 'lawla' does not come attached to genitive pronouns like the 'ka', 'ha', and 'ya'. Similar to it is the saying of another, which is attributed to Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ah, though it is not in his diwan, and the correct view is that it is by al-Arji (see Khizanat al-Adab 2/421): 'Were it not for you this year, I would not have performed Hajj.'

وَمَعَ وُرُودِهِ فِي كَلَامِ الْعَرَبِ الْمَوْثُوقِ بِعَرَبِيَّتِهِمْ فَإِنَّهُ قَلِيلٌ غَيْرُ شَائِعٍ شُيُوعَ وُقُوعِ الِاسْمِ الظَّاهِرِ وَالضَّمِيرِ الْمُنْفَصِلِ بَعْدَ لَوْلَا ، نَحْوَ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى : ( لَوْلَا أَنْتُمْ لَكُنَّا مُؤْمِنِينَ

Despite its occurrence in the speech of the Arabs whose Arabic is trusted, it is rare and not as common as the occurrence of the explicit noun and the detached pronoun after 'lawla', such as His saying, the Almighty: 'Had it not been for you, we would have been believers.'

وَنَحْوَ قَوْلِ الْمُتَنَبِّي : لَوْلَا الْعُقُولُ لَكَانَ أَدْنَى ضَيْغَمٍ أَدْنَى إِلَى شَرَفٍ مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ

And like the saying of al-Mutanabbi: 'Were it not for intellects, the lowest lion would be closer to honor than a human.'

وَقَوْلُ الرَّاجِزِ : وَاللَّهِ لَوْلَا اللَّهُ مَا اهْتَدَيْنَا وَلَا تَصَدَّقْنَا وَلَا صَلَّيْنَا

And the saying of the rajaz poet: 'By Allah, were it not for Allah, we would not have been guided, nor would we have given charity, nor would we have prayed.'

Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 50 nouns)

• بَايَعَ — to pledge allegiance
• أَسَرَّ — to conceal
• عَلَنَ — to become public
• أَرَاقَ — to shed
• أَسَالَ — to pour
• عَرَضَ — to attack or approach
• تَعَرَّضَ — to expose oneself
• عَدَّ — to count
• طَمِعَ — to covet
• عَادَ — to return
• حَذَفَ — to omit
• جَزَمَ — to make jussive
• زَعَمَ — to claim
• جَاءَ — to come
• نَسَبَ — to attribute
• حَجَّ — to perform pilgrimage
• وَرَدَ — to arrive
• وَثَقَ — to trust
• كَانَ — to be
• اهْتَدَى — to be guided
• تَصَدَّقَ — to give charity
• صَلَّى — to pray
• فَلْتَة — sudden act
• لُغَة — language
• حَسَب — lineage
• جَمْع — plural
• مَرْء — man
• مَفْخَرَة — pride
• قَوْم — people
• إِعْرَاب — grammatical analysis
• هَمْزَة — hamza
• اسْتِفْهَام — interrogation
• تَوْبِيخ — reproach
• فِعْل — verb
• مُضَارِع — present tense
• فَاعِل — doer
• دَم — blood
• مَفْعُول — object
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• صِلَة — connection
• حَرْف — particle
• امْتِنَاع — prevention
• وُجُود — existence
• جَرّ — genitive case
• مَحَلّ — place
• رَفْع — nominative case
• ابْتِدَاء — beginning
• مَذْهَب — school of thought
• خَبَر — predicate
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• شَرْط — condition
• نَافِيَة — negator
• جَازِمَة — jussive
• جَوَاب — answer
• شَاهِد — evidence
• رَدّ — rebuttal
• ضَمِير — pronoun
• دِيوَان — collection of poetry
• صَوَاب — correctness
• عَام — year
• كَلَام — speech
• عَرَب — Arabs
• شُيُوع — prevalence
• وُقُوع — occurrence
• اسْم — noun
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• مُنْفَصِل — detached
• مُؤْمِن — believer
• عَقْل — intellect
• ضَيْغَم — lion
• شَرَف — honor
• إِنْسَان — human