Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 3 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 3

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ

Prepositions.

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.

حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ

Prepositions.

هَاكَ حُرُوفَ الْجَرِّ ، وَهْيَ : مِنْ ، إِلَى

Here are the prepositions: min (from), ila (to),

حَتَّى ، خَلاَ ، حَاشَا ، عَدَا ، فِي ، عَنْ ، عَلَى

hatta (until), khala (except), hasha (except), 'ada (except), fi (in), 'an (about), 'ala (upon),

مُذْ، مُنْذُ، رُبَّ، اللَّامُ، كَيْ، وَاوُ، وَتَا، وَالْكَافُ، وَالْبَا، وَلَعَلَّ، وَمَتَى

These are: mudh, mundhu, rubba, the lam, kay, the waw, the ta, the kaf, the ba, la'alla, and mata.

وَالْكَافُ ، وَالْبَاءُ ، وَلَعَلَّ ، وَمَتَى

kaf, ba, la'alla (perhaps), and mata (when) (1).

هَذِهِ الْحُرُوفُ الْعِشْرُونَ كُلُّهَا مُخْتَصَّةٌ بِالأَسْمَاءِ ، وَهِيَ تَعْمَلُ فِيهَا الْجَرَّ ، وَتَقَدَّمَ

These twenty particles are exclusive to nouns and govern them in the genitive case. The discussion regarding khala, hasha, and 'ada has already been covered in the section on exception.

الْكَلاَمُ عَلَى ( خَلاَ ، وَحَاشَا ، وَعَدَا ) فِي الاِسْتِثْنَاءِ ، وَقَلَّ مَنْ ذَكَرَ « كَيْ

Few scholars include kay,

وَلَعَلَّ ، وَمَتَى » فِي حُرُوفِ الْجَرِّ

la'alla, and mata among the prepositions.

فَأَمَّا « كَيْ » فَتَكُونُ حَرْفَ جَرٍّ فِي مَوْضِعَيْنِ

Kay functions as a preposition in two specific cases (2):

أَحَدُهُمَا : إِذَا دَخَلَتْ عَلَى ( مَا ) الاِسْتِفْهَامِيَّةِ ، نَحْوَ : « كَيْمَهْ ؟ » أَيْ : لِمَهْ

First, when it precedes the interrogative ma, as in kaymah? meaning limah? (why?).

مَا » اسْتِفْهَامِيَّةٌ مَجْرُورَةٌ بِـ « كَيْ » ، وَحُذِفَتْ أَلِفُهَا لِدُخُولِ حَرْفِ الْجَرِّ عَلَيْهَا

Here, ma is an interrogative noun in the genitive case governed by kay; its alif is dropped because the preposition precedes it,

وَجِيءَ بِالْهَاءِ لِلسَّكْتِ

and the ha is added for the purpose of pausing.

هَاكَ : هَا : اسْمُ فِعْلِ أَمْرٍ ، وَفَاعِلُهُ ضَمِيرٌ مُسْتَتِرٌ فِيهِ وُجُوبًا تَقْدِيرُهُ أَنْتَ

(1) Haka: ha is a verbal noun of command. Its subject is an obligatorily hidden pronoun understood as anta (you).

وَالْكَافُ حَرْفُ خِطَابٍ « حُرُوفَ » مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ لاِسْمِ الْفِعْلِ ، وَحُرُوفُ مُضَافٌ وَ « الْجَرِّ

The kaf is a particle of address. Hurufa is the direct object of the verbal noun; hurufu is the first part of a genitive construction, and al-jarr

مُضَافٌ إِلَيْهِ « وَهِيَ » مُبْتَدَأٌ « مِنْ » قُصِدَ لَفْظُهُ : خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ « إِلَى ، حَتَّى ، خَلاَ » إِلَخْ

is the second part. Wa-hiya is the subject, and min (as a cited term) is the predicate. Ila, hatta, khala, and so on,

الْبَيْتَيْنِ ، مَعْطُوفَاتٌ عَلَى « مِنْ » بِإِسْقَاطِ حَرْفِ الْعَطْفِ فِي بَعْضِهَا وَإِثْبَاتِهِ فِي بَعْضِهَا الآخَرِ

from the two verses, are conjoined to min, with the conjunction omitted in some instances and retained in others.

وَلِكَيْ الْجَارَّةِ مَوْضِعٌ ثَالِثٌ تَقَعُ فِيهِ ، وَهُوَ : أَنْ يَكُونَ مَدْخُولُهَا « مَا » الْمَصْدَرِيَّةُ

(2) The prepositional kay has a third instance: when it precedes the infinitive ma,

كَمَا فِي قَوْلِ الشَّاعِرِ

as in the poet's line:

إِذَا أَنْتَ لَمْ تَنْفَعْ فَضُرَّ ؛ فَإِنَّمَا يُرَادُ الْفَتَى كَيْمَا يَضُرُّ وَيَنْفَعُ

If you cannot provide benefit, then cause harm; for a man is sought only for the harm or benefit he brings.

أَيْ : الضُّرُّ وَالنَّفْعُ ، وَتَقْدِيرُهُ عَلَى نَحْوِ مَا قَالَ الشَّارِحُ فِي الْمَوْضِعِ الثَّانِي

Meaning: harm and benefit, and its estimation is similar to what the commentator said in the second instance: your saying, 'I came to honor Zayd,' where 'honor' is a present tense verb made accusative by 'an' after 'kay,' and 'an' and the verb are interpreted as a verbal noun governed by 'kay,' and the estimation is: 'I came for the honoring of Zayd.' ⟶ (sentence continues on next page)

Vocabulary · المفردات (17 verbs · 41 nouns)

• هَاجَ — to take
• عَمِلَ — to work
• تَقَدَّمَ — to precede
• قَلَّ — to be rare
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• كَانَ — to be
• دَخَلَ — to enter
• حَذَفَ — to delete
• جَاءَ — to come
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• نَفَعَ — to benefit
• ضَرَّ — to harm
• أَرَادَ — to want
• قَالَ — to say
• خَلَا — to exclude
• حَاشَا — to exclude
• عَدَا — to exclude
• حَرْف — letter
• جَرّ — genitive case
• اسْم — noun
• كَلَام — speech
• اسْتِثْنَاء — exception
• مَوْضِع — position
• اسْتِفْهَامِيَّة — interrogative
• نَحْو — example
• أَلِف — alif
• دُخُول — entry
• هَاء — ha
• سَكْت — pause
• مَصْدَرِيَّة — infinitive
• قَوْل — saying
• شَاعِر — poet
• فَتَى — young man
• ضُرّ — harm
• نَفْع — benefit
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• شَارِح — commentator
• رَحْمَنٌ — merciful
• رَحِيمٌ — compassionate
• وَاوٌ — letter waw
• تَاءٌ — ta letter
• كَافٌ — kaf letter
• بَاءٌ — ba letter
• عِشْرُونَ — twenty
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• أَمْرٌ — command
• فَاعِلٌ — doer/subject
• ضَمِيرٌ — pronoun
• خِطَابٌ — address
• مَفْعُولٌ — object
• مُضَافٌ — genitive construct
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject of nominal sentence
• لَفْظٌ — utterance
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• بَيْتٌ — verse
• عَطْفٌ — conjunction
• جَارَّةٌ — prepositional
• مَدْخُولٌ — input/object