Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 15

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

لَا الَّتِي لِنَفْيِ الْجِنْسِ.

This refers to the 'la' used for absolute negation.

وَإِنْ نُصِبَ الْمَعْطُوفُ عَلَيْهِ جَازَ فِي الْمَعْطُوفِ الْأَوْجُهُ الثَّلَاثَةُ الْمَذْكُورَةُ - أَعْنِي الْبِنَاءَ، وَالرَّفْعَ، وَالنَّصْبَ - نَحْوَ: لَا غُلَامَ رَجُلٍ وَلَا امْرَأَةً، وَلَا امْرَأَةٌ، وَلَا امْرَأَةٍ.

If the noun being conjoined to is in the accusative, three options are permissible for the conjoined noun: indeclinability, the nominative, and the accusative. Examples include: 'la ghulama rajulin wa la imra'atan' (no man's servant and no woman), 'wa la imra'atun', and 'wa la imra'atin'.

وَإِنْ رُفِعَ الْمَعْطُوفُ عَلَيْهِ جَازَ فِي الثَّانِي وَجْهَانِ؛ الْأَوَّلُ الْبِنَاءُ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ، نَحْوَ: لَا رَجُلٌ وَلَا امْرَأَةٌ، وَلَا غُلَامُ رَجُلٍ وَلَا امْرَأَةٌ، وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ: فَلَا لَغْوٌ وَلَا تَأْثِيمٌ فِيهَا وَمَا فَاهُوا بِهِ أَبَدًا مُقِيمٌ.

If the noun being conjoined to is in the nominative, two options are permissible for the second: the first is indeclinability on the fatha, as in 'la rajulun wa la imra'atun' (no man and no woman) or 'la ghulamu rajulin wa la imra'atun' (no man's servant and no woman). This is illustrated by the verse: 'There is no vain talk in it, nor any sin, and what they have uttered is ever-abiding.'

الْبَيْتُ لِأُمَيَّةَ بْنِ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ، وَلَكِنَّ الشَّارِحَ - كَغَيْرِهِ مِنَ النُّحَاةِ - قَدْ لَفَّقَ صَدْرَ بَيْتٍ مِنْ أَبْيَاتِ كَلِمَةِ أُمَيَّةَ عَلَى عَجُزِ بَيْتٍ آخَرَ مِنْهَا، وَصَوَابُ إِنْشَادِ الْبَيْتَيْنِ هَكَذَا: وَلَا لَغْوٌ وَلَا تَأْثِيمٌ فِيهَا وَلَا حِينٌ وَلَا فِيهَا مُلِيمٌ.

The verse belongs to Umayyah ibn Abi al-Salt, but the commentator—like other grammarians—has stitched together the first half of one verse with the second half of another. The correct recitation of the two verses is: 'There is no vain talk in it, nor any sin, and no destruction, and there is no one in it who is blameworthy.'

وَفِيهَا لَحْمُ سَاهِرَةٍ وَبَحْرٍ وَمَا فَاهُوا بِهِ.

In it is the meat of the earth's surface and the sea, along with what they have uttered.

اللُّغَةُ: لَغْوٌ، أَيْ: قَوْلٌ بَاطِلٌ، وَمَا لَا يُعْتَدُّ بِهِ مِنَ الْكَلَامِ.

Lexicography: 'Laghw' means vain speech or anything in conversation that carries no weight.

تَأْثِيمٌ، هُوَ مَصْدَرُ أَثَّمْتُهُ - بِتَشْدِيدِ الثَّاءِ - بِمَعْنَى نَسَبْتُهُ إِلَى الْإِثْمِ بِأَنْ قُلْتَ لَهُ: يَا آثِمُ، يُرِيدُ أَنَّ بَعْضَهُمْ لَا يَنْسُبُ بَعْضًا إِلَى الْإِثْمِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ لَا يَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُصَحِّحُ نِسْبَتَهُمْ إِلَيْهِ.

'Ta'thim' is the verbal noun of 'aththamtu-hu' (with a shadda on the tha'), meaning I accused him of sin by calling him a sinner. The author implies that they do not accuse one another of sin because they do not commit acts that would justify such an accusation.

حِينٌ، هَلَاكٌ وَفَنَاءٌ.

'Hin' refers to destruction and annihilation.

مُلِيمٌ، بِضَمِّ الْمِيمِ - وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَفْعَلُ مَا يُلَامُ عَلَيْهِ.

'Mulim' (with a damma on the mim) is one who does something for which he is blamed.

سَاهِرَةٌ، هِيَ وَجْهُ الْأَرْضِ، يُرِيدُ أَنَّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ لَحْمَ حَيَوَانِ الْبَرِّ.

'Sahirah' refers to the surface of the earth, meaning that Paradise contains the meat of land animals.

الْإِعْرَابُ: فَلَا، نَافِيَةٌ مُلْغَاةٌ.

Parsing: In 'fa-la', the 'la' is an ineffective negative particle.

لَغْوٌ، مُبْتَدَأٌ، مَرْفُوعٌ بِالضَّمَّةِ الظَّاهِرَةِ.

'Laghw' is a subject in the nominative case, marked by the visible damma.

وَلَا، الْوَاوُ عَاطِفَةٌ، لَا: نَافِيَةٌ لِلْجِنْسِ تَعْمَلُ عَمَلَ إِنَّ.

For 'wa-la', the 'wa' is a conjunction, and 'la' is a negative particle for the genus that functions like 'inna'.

تَأْثِيمٌ، اسْمُ لَا مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ.

'Ta'thim' is the noun of 'la', indeclinable on the fatha in the position of the accusative.

فِيهَا، جَارٌ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرِ لَا، وَخَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ مَحْذُوفٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ خَبَرُ لَا هَذَا، وَيَجُوزُ عَكْسُ ذَلِكَ عَلَى ضَعْفٍ فِيهِ، فَيَكُونُ الْجَارُ وَالْمَجْرُورُ مُتَعَلِّقًا بِمَحْذُوفٍ خَبَرِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَيَكُونُ خَبَرُ لَا هُوَ الْمَحْذُوفُ، وَعَلَى أَيَّةِ حَالٍ فَإِنَّ الْوَاوَ قَدْ عَطَفَتْ جُمْلَةَ لَا مَعَ اسْمِهَا وَخَبَرِهَا عَلَى جُمْلَةِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ وَالْخَبَرِ، وَمَا، اسْمٌ مَوْصُولٌ مُبْتَدَأٌ وَفَاهُوا، فِعْلٌ وَفَاعِلٌ وَالْجُمْلَةُ مِنْ فَاهَ وَفَاعِلِهِ لَا مَحَلَّ لَهَا صِلَةُ الْمَوْصُولِ.

'Fiha' is a prepositional phrase related to an elided predicate of 'la', while the predicate of the subject is also elided, implied by this predicate of 'la'. It is possible to reverse this, though it is weak: the prepositional phrase would then relate to the elided predicate of the subject, with the predicate of 'la' being the one elided. Regardless, the 'wa' conjoins the 'la' clause—with its noun and predicate—to the subject-predicate clause. 'Ma' is a relative pronoun serving as a subject, while 'fahu' is a verb and subject; the resulting clause has no syntactic role as it is the relative clause.

بِهِ، جَارٌ وَمَجْرُورٌ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِفَاهُوا.

'Bihi' is a prepositional phrase related to 'fahu'.

أَبَدًا، مَنْصُوبٌ عَلَى الظَّرْفِيَّةِ، نَاصِبُهُ فَاهُوا أَوْ مُقِيمٌ.

'Abadan' is in the accusative as an adverb of time, governed by either 'fahu' or 'muqim'.

مُقِيمٌ، خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ.

'Muqim' is the predicate of the subject.

وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ تَكُونَ لَا الْأُولَى نَافِيَةً عَامِلَةً عَمَلَ لَيْسَ، وَلَغْوٌ: اسْمُهَا، وَخَبَرُهَا مَحْذُوفٌ يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ خَبَرُ لَا الثَّانِيَةِ الْعَامِلَةِ عَمَلَ إِنَّ، أَوْ خَبَرُ لَا الْأُولَى هُوَ الْمَذْكُورُ بِمَا.

It is permissible for the first 'la' to be a negative particle acting like 'laysa', with 'laghw' as its noun and its predicate elided—implied by the predicate of the second 'la' (which acts like 'inna')—or for the predicate of the first 'la' to be what is mentioned with 'ma'.

Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 66 nouns)

• نَصَبَ — to put in accusative
• جَازَ — to be permitted
• عَنَى — to mean
• رَفَعَ — to put in nominative
• فَاهَ — to utter
• أَقَامَ — to reside
• لَفَّقَ — to fabricate
• أَنْشَدَ — to recite
• عَدَّ — to count
• أَثَّمَ — to accuse of sin
• شَدَّدَ — to emphasize
• نَسَبَ — to attribute
• أَرَادَ — to want
• فَعَلَ — to do
• صَحَّحَ — to correct
• لَامَ — to blame
• عَمِلَ — to work
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• عَطَفَ — to connect
• تَعَلَّقَ — to relate
• جِنْس — genus
• مَعْطُوف — conjoined
• وَجْه — face
• أَوْجُه — aspects
• بِنَاء — indeclinability
• رَفْع — nominative case
• نَصْب — accusative
• غُلَام — boy
• رَجُل — man
• امْرَأَة — woman
• فَتْح — fatha
• قَوْل — saying
• لَغْو — nonsense
• تَأْثِيم — accusation of sin
• بَيْت — verse
• شَارِح — commentator
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• صَدْر — first half of verse
• كَلِمَة — word
• عَجُز — second half of verse
• صَوَاب — correctness
• إِنْشَاد — recitation
• حِين — time
• مُلِيم — blameworthy
• لَحْم — meat
• سَاهِرَة — surface of the earth
• بَحْر — sea
• لُغَة — language
• بَاطِل — a falsehood
• كَلَام — speech
• مَصْدَر — source
• تَشْدِيد — emphasis
• ثَاء — tha letter
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• إِثْم — sin
• بَعْض — some
• نِسْبَة — attribution
• هَلَاك — destruction
• فَنَاء — annihilation
• ضَمّ — damma
• مِيم — mim letter
• أَرْض — earth
• جَنَّة — paradise
• حَيَوَان — animal
• بَرّ — land
• إِعْرَاب — parsing
• مُبْتَدَأ — subject
• ضَمَّة — damma
• ظَاهِرَة — apparent
• وَاو — letter waw
• عَاطِفَة — conjunction
• عَمَل — work
• اسْم — noun
• مَحَلّ — place
• جَار — preposition
• مَجْرُور — genitive
• مَحْذُوف — omitted
• خَبَر — predicate
• ضَعْف — weakness
• حَال — state
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• مَوْصُول — relative
• فَاعِل — doer
• صِلَة — connection
• ظَرْفِيَّة — adverbial
• نَاصِب — governor