Sharh Ibn Aqil on Alfiyyat Ibn Malik — Volume 2 (شرح ابن عقيل على ألفية ابن مالك) — Page 11

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

اِسْمُ لا الَّتِي لِنَفْيِ الْجِنْسِ.

The noun of 'la' used for categorical negation.

وَقَوْلُ الْمُصَنِّفِ: (وَبَعْدَ ذَاكَ الْخَبَرَ اذْكُرْ رَافِعَهُ)، مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّهُ يَذْكُرُ الْخَبَرَ بَعْدَ (لا) مَرْفُوعاً، وَالرَّافِعُ لَهُ (لا) عِنْدَ الْمُصَنِّفِ وَجَمَاعَةٍ.

The author's statement, 'And after that, mention the predicate, its raiser,' means that he mentions the predicate in the nominative case after 'la,' with 'la' itself acting as the raiser according to the author and a group of scholars.

وَعِنْدَ سِيبَوَيْهِ الرَّافِعُ لَهُ لا أَيْ إِنْ كَانَ اسْمُهَا مُضَافاً أَوْ مُشَبَّهاً بِالْمُضَافِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ الِاسْمُ مُفْرَداً فَاخْتُلِفَ فِي رَافِعِ الْخَبَرِ؛ فَذَهَبَ سِيبَوَيْهِ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مَرْفُوعاً بِـ (لا) وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ مَرْفُوعٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ خَبَرُ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، لِأَنَّ مَذْهَبَهُ أَنَّ (لا) وَاسْمَهَا الْمُفْرَدَ فِي مَوْضِعِ رَفْعٍ بِالِابْتِدَاءِ، وَالِاسْمُ الْمَرْفُوعُ بَعْدَهَا خَبَرٌ عَنْ ذَلِكَ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَلَمْ تَعْمَلْ (لا) عِنْدَهُ فِي هَذِهِ الصُّورَةِ إِلَّا فِي الِاسْمِ، وَذَهَبَ الْأَخْفَشُ إِلَى أَنَّ الْخَبَرَ مَرْفُوعٌ بِـ (لا)، فَتَكُونُ (لا) عَامِلَةً فِي الْجُزْأَيْنِ كَمَا عَمِلَتْ فِيهِمَا مَعَ الْمُضَافِ وَالْمُشَبَّهِ بِهِ.

For Sibawayh, 'la' is the raiser if its noun is construct or similar to a construct. If the noun is singular, however, there is disagreement regarding what raises the predicate. Sibawayh maintained that it is not raised by 'la' but is instead in the nominative as a predicate of the subject, because he held that 'la' and its singular noun occupy the position of a nominative subject, with the following noun serving as its predicate. In this instance, he believed 'la' only governs the noun. Al-Akhfash, conversely, argued that the predicate is raised by 'la,' meaning 'la' governs both parts just as it does with the construct and its similar forms.

وَأَشَارَ بِقَوْلِهِ: (وَالثَّانِيَ اجْعَلَا) إِلَى أَنَّهُ إِذَا أَتَى بَعْدَ (لا) وَالِاسْمِ الْوَاقِعِ بَعْدَهَا بِعَاطِفٍ وَنَكِرَةٍ مُفْرَدَةٍ وَتَكَرَّرَتْ (لا) نَحْوَ: «لا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ»، يَجُوزُ فِيهِمَا خَمْسَةُ أَوْجُهٍ، وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّ الْمَعْطُوفَ عَلَيْهِ: إِمَّا أَنْ يُبْنَى مَعَ (لا) عَلَى الْفَتْحِ، أَوْ يُنْصَبَ، أَوْ يُرْفَعَ.

By saying, 'And make the second,' he indicated that when a conjunction and a singular indefinite noun follow 'la' and its noun, and 'la' is repeated—as in 'la hawla wa la quwwata illa billah'—five variations are permissible. This is because the conjoined noun can be built with 'la' upon the fatha, placed in the accusative, or placed in the nominative.

فَإِنْ بُنِيَ مَعَهَا عَلَى الْفَتْحِ جَازَ فِي الثَّانِي ثَلَاثَةُ أَوْجُهٍ: الْأَوَّلُ: الْبِنَاءُ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ؛ لِتَرْكِيبِهِ مَعَ (لا) الثَّانِيَةِ، وَتَكُونُ (لا) الثَّانِيَةُ عَامِلَةً عَمَلَ إِنَّ، نَحْوَ: «لا حَوْلَ وَلا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ».

If it is built with 'la' upon the fatha, three variations are permissible for the second element. The first is building it upon the fatha due to its composition with the second 'la,' where the second 'la' functions like 'inna,' as in 'la hawla wa la quwwata illa billah'.

مِنْ كَلَامِ ابْنِ الْأَنْبَارِيِّ أَنَّ بَيْتَ سَلَامَةَ يُرْوَى بِالْفَتْحِ دُونَ الْكَسْرِ، فَيَكُونُ تَأْيِيداً لِمَذْهَبِ الْمَازِنِيِّ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ؛ وَلَكِنَّا لَا نَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ نَرُدَّ رِوَايَةَ الْكَسْرِ بِمُجَرَّدِ كَوْنِ ابْنِ الْأَنْبَارِيِّ لَمْ يَحْفَظْهَا.

Ibn al-Anbari notes that the verse of Salamah is narrated with the fatha rather than the kasra, which supports the doctrine of al-Mazini and his followers. Nevertheless, we cannot reject the kasra narration simply because Ibn al-Anbari did not record it.

وَعَلَى تَرْكِيبِ الثَّانِيَةِ مَعَ اسْمِهَا كَتَرْكِيبِ الْأُولَى مَعَ اسْمِهَا قَرَأَ أَبُو عَمْرٍو وَابْنُ كَثِيرٍ فِي قَوْلِهِ سُبْحَانَهُ: (لا بَيْعٌ فِيهِ وَلا خُلَّةٌ وَلا شَفَاعَةٌ) بِفَتْحِ بَيْعٍ وَخُلَّةٍ وَشَفَاعَةٍ، وَ(لا) فِي الْمَوَاضِعِ الثَّلَاثَةِ نَافِيَةٌ لِلْجِنْسِ عَامِلَةٌ عَمَلَ إِنَّ، وَالِاسْمُ الْمَفْتُوحُ بَعْدَهَا اسْمُهَا مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ فِي مَحَلِّ نَصْبٍ، وَخَبَرُهَا - فِيمَا عَدَا الْأَوَّلَ - مَحْذُوفٌ لِدَلَالَةِ مَا قَبْلَهُ عَلَيْهِ.

Regarding the composition of the second with its noun just as the first is composed with its noun, Abu 'Amr and Ibn Kathir recited the divine verse, 'la bay'un fihi wa la khullatun wa la shafa'atun,' with the fatha on 'bay',' 'khulla,' and 'shafa'a.' In all three instances, 'la' is used for categorical negation and functions like 'inna.' The noun following it is built upon the fatha in the position of an accusative, while the predicate—except for the first instance—is omitted because the preceding context implies it.

وَمِنْ شَوَاهِدِ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُ الرَّاجِزِ: مَنْ بَنُو خُودٍ سُرَاحاً لا كَذِبَ الْيَوْمَ وَلا مُزَاحَا

Among the evidences for this is the line by the rajaz poet: 'Who are the sons of Khawd, freely, no lying today and no joking'.

Vocabulary · المفردات (16 verbs · 53 nouns)

• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• اخْتَلَفَ — to differ
• ذَهَبَ — to hold an opinion
• عَمِلَ — to operate grammatically
• أَشَارَ — to point out
• أَتَى — to come
• تَكَرَّرَ — to repeat
• جَازَ — to be permissible
• بَنَى — to build
• نَصَبَ — to set up
• رَفَعَ — to raise
• رَوَى — to narrate
• اسْتَطَاعَ — to be able
• رَدَّ — to reject
• حَفِظَ — to memorize
• قَرَأَ — to read
• اِسْم — noun
• نَفْي — negation
• جِنْس — genus
• قَوْل — saying
• مُصَنِّف — author
• خَبَر — predicate
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• مَرْفُوع — nominative
• جَمَاعَة — group
• مُضَاف — genitive construction
• مُشَبَّه — resembling
• مُفْرَد — singular
• مُبْتَدَأ — subject
• مَوْضِع — position
• رَفْع — nominative case
• ابْتِدَاء — beginning
• صُورَة — form
• جُزْء — part
• وَاقِع — occurring
• عَاطِف — conjunction
• نَكِرَة — indefinite
• نَحْو — example
• حَوْل — power
• قُوَّة — strength
• خَمْسَة — five
• وَجْه — aspect
• مَعْطُوف — conjoined
• فَتْح — fatha
• بِنَاء — indeclinability
• تَرْكِيب — composition
• ثَانِي — second
• كَلَام — speech
• بَيْت — verse
• كَسْر — kasra
• تَأْيِيد — support
• مَذْهَب — school of thought
• رِوَايَة — narration
• مُجَرَّد — mere
• كَوْن — being
• أُولَى — first
• بَيْع — sale
• خُلَّة — friendship
• شَفَاعَة — intercession
• ثَلَاثَة — three
• نَافِيَة — negative
• مَبْنِيّ — indeclinable
• مَحَلّ — place
• مَحْذُوف — omitted
• دَلَالَة — indication
• شَاهِد — evidence
• رَاجِز — rajaz poet
• يَوْم — day
• مُزَاح — joking